We express our deep sense of gratitude to our internal guide Asst. Prof. mr. erukulla avinash M. E, Department of computer science and engineering, hasvita institute of management and technology for valuable help and encouragement throughout the project. Finally we thankful to everyone who was directly and indirectly helped us to make this project work a great success. P. V. MADHUSUDHANA RAO (096A1A0518) P. SOMESHWAR (096A1A0519) P. PAVAN KUMAR (096A1A0520) T. VINODA (096A1A0526) CONTENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction 1. Feasibility study CHAPTER 2 . Requirements CHAPTER 3 2. System Analysis 1. Existing System 2. Proposed System 3. Modules CHAPTER 4 3. System Design 4. 1 state chart diagram CHAPTER 5 4. Sample Coding CHAPTER 6 5. System Testing 6. Output Screens ABSTRACT As the Internet takes an increasingly central role in our communications infrastructure, the slow convergence o routing protocols after a network failure becomes a growing problem. To assure RAPID recovery from link and node failures in IP networks, we present a new recovery scheme called numerous Routing Configurations (NRC).
Our proposed scheme guarantees recovery in all single failure scenarios, using a single mechanism to handle both link and node failures, and without knowing the root cause of the failure. NRC is strictly connectionless, and assumes only destination based hop-by-hop forwarding. NRC is based on keeping additional routing information in the routers, and allows packet forwarding to continue on an alternative output link immediately after the detection of a failure. It can be implemented with only minor changes to existing solutions.
The Essay on Information Systems in London during Olympics 2012
The London Olympics preparations are integrating technology for the purpose of making the event a success in terms of order and security. An estimate of 7 billion euros has been budgeted for the technology sector for the purpose of coordinating the Olympic event (House of Commons 2006). The London Organising Committee of the Olympics Games (LOCOG) has projected that the information system will use ...
In this paper we presents, and analyze its performance with respect to scalability, endorsement path lengths, and load distribution after a failure. We also show how an estimate of the traffic demands in the network can be used to improve the distribution of the recovered traffic, and thus reduce the chances of congestion when NRC is used. INTRODUCTION As the Internet takes an increasingly central role in our communications infrastructure, the slow convergence routing protocols after a network failure becomes a growing problem.
To assure RAPID recovery from link and node failures in IP networks, we present a new recovery scheme called numerous Routing Configurations (NRC).
Our proposed scheme guarantees recovery in all single failure scenarios, using a single mechanism to handle both link and node failures, and without knowing the root cause of the failure. NRC is strictly connectionless, and assumes only destination based hop-by-hop forwarding. NRC is based on keeping additional routing information in the routers, and allows packet forwarding to continue on an alternative output link immediately after the detection of a failure.
It can be implemented with only minor changes to existing solutions. In this paper we present, and analyze its performance with respect to scalability, Endorsement path lengths, and load distribution after a failure. We also show how an estimate of the traffic demands in the network can be used to improve the distribution of the recovered traffic, and thus reduce the chances of congestion when NRC is used. In the recent years the Internet has been transformed from a special purpose network to a ubiquitous platform for a wide range of everyday communication services.
The demands on Internet reliability and availability have increased accordingly. A disruption of a link in central parts of a network has the potential to affect hundreds of thousands of phone conversations or TCP connections, with obvious adverse effects. The ability to recover from failures has always been a central design goal in the Internet, IP networks are intrinsically robust, and since IGP routing protocols like OSPF are designed to update the forwarding information based on the changed topology after a failure. This re-convergence assumes full distribution of the new link state to all routers in the network domain.
The Essay on Operating System Server Client Network
Functions of an Operating System Operating Systems is a computer program that controls the operation of the hardware of a computer and the execution of programs. The primary functions of an operating system include: 1) Managing and controlling the hardware of the computer, e. g. , drivers 2) Interfacing between hardware and software, i. e. how programs and applications use hardware - keyboard, ...
When the new state information is distributed, each router individually calculates new valid routing tables. 1. 1 FEASIBILITY STUDY The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential. Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are ? ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY ? SOCIAL FEASIBILITY 1. 1. 1 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased. 3 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the system.
Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system. 1. 1. 3 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a necessity.
The Essay on File System and Configuration File
What command would let you most safely switch to runlevel 2 without rebooting the computer? Pg 431 Telinit 2 7. What type of control does SELinux implement? Pg 414 Mandatory Access Control 8. Know all of the possible states of SELinux . Pg 414 Enforcing Permissive and Disable 9. The files hosts. allow and hosts. deny belong to what security system? Pg 447 TCP Wrappers 10. Given the following ...
The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system. REQUIREMENTS Hardware Requirements: • System: Pentium IV 2. 4 GHz. • Hard Disk: 40 GB. • Floppy Drive: 1. 44 Mb. • Monitor: 15 VGA Colour. • Mouse: Logitech. • Ram: 256 Mb. Software Requirements: • Operating system : Windows XP Professional Front End : JAVA, Swing(JFC) , J2ME 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 3. 1 EXISTING SYSTEM In recent years the Internet has been transformed from a special purpose network to a ubiquitous platform for a wide range of everyday communication services. The demands on Internet reliability and availability have increased accordingly. A disruption of a link in central parts of a network has the potential to affect hundreds of thousands of phone conversations or TCP connections, with obvious adverse effects. The ability to recover from failures has always been a central design goal in the Internet.
IP networks are intrinsically robust, since IGP routing protocols like OSPF are designed to update the forwarding information based on the changed topology after a failure. This re-convergence assumes full distribution of the new link state to all routers in the network domain. When the new state information is distributed, each router individually calculates new valid routing tables. This network-wide IP re-convergence is a time consuming process, and a link or node failure is typically followed by a period of routing instability. During this period, packets may be dropped due to invalid routes.
This phenomenon has been studied in both IGP and BGP context, and has an adverse effect on real-time applications. Events leading to a reconvergence have been shown to occur frequently. Much effort has been devoted to optimizing the different steps of the convergence of IP routing, i. e. , detection, dissemination of information and shortest path calculation, but the convergence time is still too large for applications with real time demands. ? Link and Node failures of IP networks. ? The slow convergence of routing protocols after a network failure becomes a growing problem. ? Packet loss or packet delay due to congestion. Time consumed to send the data is increased due to resending of lost data. Disadvantages: ? Load Distribution failed. ? Congestion occurring. ? There is no guarantee for data to reach the destination ? There is no back-up path ? It is time consuming ? It has no precise knowledge of failure locations 3. 2 PROPOSED SYSTEM Our proposed scheme guarantees recovery in all single failure scenarios, using a single mechanism to handle both link and node failures, and without knowing the root cause of the failure. NRC is strictly connectionless, and assumes only destination based hop-by-hop forwarding.
The Essay on Failure vs Success
Without failures, how can one improve? I’m still making mistakes, still learning and bound to face new challenges. Everyone is a key to their own success. In the process of succeeding mistakes are made and failure sometimes occurs. Failure can lead to success in relationships, managing companies and being an employee. First, failure leads to success in relationships. Failed relationships make you ...
NRC is based on keeping additional routing information in the routers, and allows packet forwarding to continue on an alternative output link immediately after the detection of a failure. NRC is based on building a small set of endorsement routing configurations that are used to route recovered traffic on alternate paths after a failure Our NRC approach is threefold. First, we create a set of endorsement configurations, so that every network component is excluded from packet forwarding in one the network topology as a graph, with a set of and the associated link weight function configuration.
Second, for each configuration, a standard routing algorithm like OSPF issued to calculate configuration specific shortest paths and create forwarding tables in each router, based on the configurations. The use of a standard routing algorithm guarantees loop-free forwarding within one configuration. Finally, we design a forwarding process that takes advantage of the endorsement configurations to provide rapid recovery from a component failure. Using a standard shortest path calculation, each router creates a set of configuration-specific forwarding tables. For simplicity, We say that a packet is forwarded according to a configuration. We present a new scheme for handling link and node failures in IP networks. ? Multiple Routing Configurations (MRC) is a proactive and local protection mechanism that allows recovery in the range of milliseconds. ? MRC allows packet forwarding to continue over preconfigured alternative next-hops immediately after the detection of the failure. ? Recovery in all single failure scenarios without knowing root cause of the failure. ? Each and Every Node having Preconfigured Backup Path. That Backup path maintains the routing table. ? MRC assumes only destination of hop by hop forwarding.
The Research paper on Failure Analysis Change Strategy
Team “A” reveals the circumstances regarding the failure analysis of an hotelier and how a CEO leads an organizational change processes to prevent an impending failure of the company. To counterbalance the hotelier business failure analysis, the team discusses the success analysis of Apple Inc. The team identifies each organization’s mission and vision statements with a behavioral theory ...
Advantages: • 100% message transfer is guaranteed. • During message transfer the load is distributed which increases the speed of transmission. • Overcome retransmission of large data. • Reduces traffic on the same link. • The failure of particular link is identified 3. 3 MODULES: ? Topology Construction ? Restrict and Isolate Link ? Routing Table (Backup Path) ? Data Transmission 3. 3. 1 Topology Construction: NRC is based on building a small set of endorsement routing configurations that are used to route recovered traffic on alternate paths after a failure Our NRC approach is threefold.
First, we create a set of endorsement configurations, so that Every network component is excluded from packet forwarding in one the network topology as a graph, with a set of and the associated link weight function configuration. Second, for each configuration, a standard routing algorithm like OSPF issued to calculate configuration specific shortest paths and create forwarding tables in each router, based on the configurations. 3. 3. 2 Restrict and Isolate Link: [pic] Left: node 5 is isolated (shaded color) by setting a high weight on all its connected links (stapled).
Only traffic to and from the isolated node will use these restricted links. Right: a configuration where nodes 1, 4 and 5, and the links 1. 2, 3. 5 and 4. 5 are isolated (dotted).
N isolated node to a non-isolated node, or it connects two Isolated nodes. Importantly, this means that a link is always isolated in the same configuration as at least one of its attached nodes. These two rules are required by the NRC forwarding process described in Section IV in order to give correct forwarding without knowing the root cause of failure. When we talk of a endorsement configuration. 3. 3. 3 Routing Table (Backup Path):
The use of a standard routing algorithm guarantees loop-free forwarding within one configuration. Finally, we design a forwarding process that takes advantage of the endorsement configurations to provide rapid recovery from a component failure. Relies on numerous logic topologies. Builds endorsement configuration so that all components are protected. Recovered traffic is routed the endorsement configuration. Detecting and recovery is local Path protection to egress node. 3. 3. 4 Data Transmission: The data will be transmitted from on node to another node with better control over recovery paths. And recovered traffic routed ndependently. When a packet reaches a point of failure, the node adjacent the failure, called the detecting node, is responsible for finding endorsement configuration where the failed component is Isolated. The detecting node marks the packet as belonging to this configuration, and forwards the packet. From the packet marking, all transit routers identify the packet with the selected endorsement configuration, and forward it to the egress node avoiding the failed component Consider a situation where a packet arrives at node , and cannot be forwarded to its normal next-hop because of a component failure.
The Essay on Failure And Success
Everyone’s lives consist of many bouts with failure and success. Is it better to go through life never experiencing failure? Some would say yes because then you wouldn’t have to deal with the heartache of failing, while others would say no because you gain knowledge and experience from failing. Success is defined as achievement of something unintended or desired such as attaining ...
The detecting node must find the correct endorsement configuration without knowing the root cause of failure, i. e. , whether the next-hop node or link has failed, since this information is generally unavailable. Literature survey Literature survey is the most important step in software development process. Before developing the tool it is necessary to determine the time factor, economy n company strength. Once these things r satisfied, ten next step is to determine which operating system and language can be used for developing the tool. Once the programmers start building the tool the programmers need lot of external support.