CHAPTER NO. 1
The basic purpose of metering is to measure how much the consumers utilize power and it tells the total demand of the power required to run the complete electric system of the country. We measure the increasing demands on the power system by energy meters and install new generating station according to the energy requirements.
First, the most common type of electricity meter is the electromechanical induction watt-hour meter. The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of an aluminum disc, which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2 watts.
Electronic meters display the energy used on an LCD or LED display. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as maximum demand, power factor and reactive power used.
This thesis demonstrates the use of the GSM based energy metering and billing system. How it will improve the billing system in city and remote areas of our country.
1.1 Statement of the Problem:
Automatic meter reading (AMR) is the technology of automatically collecting data from energy metering devices and transferring that data to a central database for billing and/or analyzing. This saves employee trips, and means that billing can be based on actual consumption rather than on an estimate based on previous consumption, giving customers better control of their use of electric energy.
The Essay on Solar Energy: Powering Our Future
Today nearly half of the world’s energy is provided by petroleum. What began as a cheap and abundant way to provide energy, has become expensive, environmentally harmful, and finite. With population explosions and the demands of modern lifestyles, the world’s need for energy production has become far too much for fossil fuels to keep up with. Experts say that the Earth’s stores of petroleum will ...
This means that billing can be based on actual consumption rather than on an estimate based on previous consumption, giving customers better control of their use of electric energy. The Transmitter is connected to the meter and it counts the pulses from it and displays it over the seven-segment display. It transmits the data over radio frequency. At the receiver end the data is received by an receiver module and interface it with computer where it store in the data base and then through some software process it is uploaded on net.
1.2 Purpose of Study:
The main emphasis in this thesis is given to the study of automatic energy metering system and billing. In our current system the billing method is not digitalized it requires man power and mostly the provide wrong billing report .So in order to remove corruption in the billing system this system is useful because it is fully controlled by the computer there is no human error expected in it. And we provide billing data on the internet, so it removes the bill dispatching labour and sometimes bill doesn’t reaches on correct address caused delay in billing and sometimes plenty of non-paying bill is on the user ,so it is injustice .So we remove these drawbacks of the prevailing billing system.
1.3 Brief History:
The primary driver for the automation of meter reading is not so much to reduce labor costs, but to obtain data that is otherwise unattainable. Many meters, especially water meters, are located in areas that require an appointment with the homeowner. Gas and Electricity tend to be more valuable commodities than water, and the need to offer actual readings instead of estimated readings can drive a utility to consider automation. While early systems consisted of walk-by, and drive-by AMR for residential.
Remote meter reading (or AMR) refers to the system that uses a communication technique to automatically collect the meter readings and other relevant data from utilities’ gas meters, without the need to physically visit the gas meters. The development of AMR technology has catapulted meter data to center stage of the utility business plan.
The Term Paper on Cemetery billing and mapping system
1.0 INTRODUCTION Technology has grown over the years and has made the life of mankind much easier. Technology is all around us and shows no sign of disappearing. It helps enhance the quality of life and business by doing many of our everyday tasks, which leaves more time to spend on more demanding and tedious matters. Computers are a great aid for businesses in terms of making a system from ...
1.4 Benefits of AMR:-
The automatic meter reading (AMR) technology is very useful in many applications. By using AMR technology we can accommodate a lot of benefits. Some benefits of AMR are as follow-
1.4.1 Electrical Company Benefits:-
* Smart automated processes instead of manual work.
* Accurate information from the network load to optimize maintenance and investments.
* Customized rates and billing dates.
* Streamlined high bill investigations.
* Detection of tampering of Meters.
* Accurate measurement of transmission losses.
* Better network performance and cost efficiency.
* Demand and distribution management.
* More intelligence to business planning.
* Better company credibility.
* Accurate meter reading, no more estimates
* Improved billing
* Accurate Profile Classes and Measurement Classes, true costs applied
* Improved security and tamper detection for equipment
* Energy Management through profile data graphs
* Less financial burden correcting mistakes
* Less accrued expenditure
* Transparency of “cost to read” metering
* Improved procurement power though more accurate data – “de-risking” price
1.4.2 Customer Benefits:-
* Precise consumption information.
* Clear and accurate billing.
* Automatic outage information and faster recovery.
* Better and faster customer service.
* Flag potential high consumption before customer gets a high bill.
1.5 AMR Applications:-
As technology continues to improve in price/performance, the number of municipal utilities implementing automatic meter reading (AMR) systems continues to grow. Today, most AMR deployments are “walk-by” or “drive-by” systems. A battery-operated transmitter in each meter sends a radio frequency (RF) signal that is read by a special receiver either carried by hand or mounted in a vehicle. These solutions require a much smaller staff of meter readers, who merely need to walk or drive by the many meters in any neighborhood. Although this form of AMR is an enormous improvement over manual meter reading, continued high labor and vehicle costs are driving the industry to an even better solution.
The Essay on Cd And Data Storage Technology
CD and Data Storage Technology Figure 1 Optical storage techniques make use of the pinpoint precision possible only with laser beams. Alaser uses a concentrated, narrow beam of light, focused and directed with lenses, prisms, and mirrors. The tight focus of the laser beam is possible because the light is all the same wavelength. There are two common types of optical technology. The most widely ...
Among the many advantages are the ability to monitor daily demand, implement conservation programs, create usage profiles by time of day, and detect potentially hazardous conditions, such as leaks or outages. But there is still one drawback with these AMR deployments: the costly network backhaul required by leased lines or cellular services from a local telephone company, or Power Line Carrier (PLC) solutions from the local power company.
AMR is the remote collection of consumption data from customers’ utility meters using telephony, radio frequency, power lines and satellite communications technologies. AMR provides water, gas and electric utility-service companies the opportunity to increase operational efficiency, improve customer service, reduce data-collection costs and quickly gather critical information that provides insight to company decision-makers. [4]
1.6 Different AMR Technologies:-
There are many different technologies which are used in the AMR. Using these technologies data can be send from transmitting end to the receiving end. In our project we are using RF technology for transmitting the meter reading from one point to other point. The different types of technologies are described below. Out of which handheld technology is uses rarely.
1.6.1 Handheld:-
In handheld AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer with a built-in or attached receiver/transceiver (radio frequency or touch) to collect meter readings from an AMR capable meter. This is sometimes referred to as “walk-by” meter reading since the meter reader walks by the locations where meters are installed as they go through their meter reading route. Handheld computers may also be used to manually enter readings without the use of AMR technology.
1.6.2 Touch Based:-
With touch based AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer or data collection device with a wand or probe. The device automatically collects the readings from a meter by touching or placing the read probe in close proximity to a reading coil enclosed in the touchpad. When a button is pressed, the probe sends an interrogate signal to the touch module to collect the meter reading. The software in the device matches the serial number to one in the route database, and saves the meter reading for later download to a billing or data collection computer.
The Essay on GSM based automated meter reading with theft control
... data in a serial process [4] [3]. 3. PROPOSED METHODS In the proposed method GSM technology used to transmit the meter reading ... PIC consists of high performance and low cost of network technology. The memory organization of PIC consists of three ... reed switch, PIC16F877A Microcontroller. 1. INTRODUCTION AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) is to increase the accuracy reading and theft control system for ...
1.6.3 Mobile:-
Mobile or “Drive-by” meter reading is where a reading device is installed in a vehicle. The meter reader drives the vehicle while the reading device automatically collects the meter readings. With mobile meter reading, the reader does not normally have to read the meters in any particular route order, but just drives the service area until all meters are read components often consist of a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver or transceiver, and external vehicle antennas.
1.6.4 Fixed Network:-
Fixed Network AMR is a method where a network is permanently installed to capture meter readings. This method can consist of a series of antennas, towers, collectors, repeaters, or other permanently installed infrastructure to collect transmissions of meter readings from AMR capable meters and get the data to a central computer without a person in the field to collect it. [2]
There are several types of network topologies in use to get the meter data back to a central computer. A star network is the most common, where a meter transmits its data to a central collector or repeater. Some systems use only collectors which receive and store data for processing. Others also use a repeater which forwards a reading from a more remote area back to a main collector without actually storing it. A repeater may be forwarded by RF signal or sometimes is converted to a wired network such as telephone or IP network to get the data back to a collector. Some manufacturers are developing mesh networks where meters themselves act as repeaters passing the data to nearby meters until it makes it to a main collector. A mesh network may save the infrastructure of many collection points, but is more data intensive on the meters. One issue with mesh networks it that battery operated ones may need more power for the increased frequency of transmitting. [7]
The Term Paper on Network Operating Systems
Networks are the backbone of most operations in the world today. No matter the size of an organization, there’s always the need to share resources, communicate and exchange data in a manner that is cost-effective, efficient and time-saving. This is where networks come in. A network may be as small as two computers joined together within a small office area or as large as the internet, a global ...
1.6.5 Radio Frequency Network:-
Radio frequency based AMR can take many forms. The more common ones are Handheld, Mobile, and Fixed network. There are both two-way RF systems and one-way RF systems in use that use both licensed and unlicensed RF bands. In a two-way or “wake up” system, a radio transceiver normally sends a signal to a particular transmitter serial number, telling it to wake up from a resting state and transmit its data. The Meter attached transceiver and the reading transceiver both send and receive radio signals and data. In a one-way “bubble-up” or continuous broadcast type system, the transmitter broadcasts readings continuously every few seconds. This means the reading device can be a receiver only, and the meter AMR device a transmitter only.
Data goes one way, from the meter AMR transmitter to the meter reading receiver. There are also hybrid systems that combine one-way and two-way technologies, using one-way communication for reading and two way communication for programming functions.RF based meter reading usually eliminates the need for the meter reader to enter the property or home, or to locate and open an underground meter pit. The utility saves money by increased speed of reading, has lower liability from entering private property, and has less chance of missing reads because of being locked out from meter access.
1.6.6 Power Line Communication:-
AMR is a method where electronic data is transmitted over power lines back to the substation, then relayed to a central computer in the utility’s main office. This would be considered a type of fixed network system the network being the distribution network which the utility has built and maintains to deliver electric power. Such systems are primarily used for electric meter reading. Some providers have interfaced gas and water meters to feed into a PLC type system.
1.6.7 Wireless Fidelity(Wi-Fi):-
Today many meters are designed to transmit using Wi-Fi even if a Wi-Fi network is not available, and they are read using a drive-by local Wi-Fi hand held receiver. Narrow-banded signal has a much greater range than Wi-Fi so the numbers of receivers required for the project are far fewer the number of Wi-Fi access points covering the same area. These special receiver stations then take in the narrow-band signal and report their data via Wi-Fi Most of the automated utility meters installed in the Corpus Christi area are battery powered. Compared to narrow-band burst telemetry, Wi-Fi technology uses far too much power for long-term battery-powered operation. Thus Wi-Fi is the efficient mean of communication in AMR technologies, which allows communication between the central data base and the end users, and defines the efficient reliability of the system. Thus offering a ultimate mean to fulfill the requirement.
The Essay on Remote Access Systems Server Network Ras
Public phone lines and a modem are a typical communication conduit to connect to a company network. Although wireless technology will definitely change our options for connecting to a network from a remote location in the next few years, a modem is still the connection device most commonly used. To allow this type of remote access, Remote Access Services must be set up. Setting up remote access is ...
1.6.8 AMR Hosting:
AMR Hosting is a back-office solution which allows a user to track his/her electricity, water, or gas consumption over the Internet. All data is collected in near real-time, and is stored in a centralized database by high-end data acquisition software. The user can view the data via a secure web application, and can analyze the data using various online analysis tools. The user can easily chart load profiles, analyze tariff components, and verify his/her utility bill.
1.7 Description of RF Based AMR:-
* Originally AMR devices just collected meter readings electronically & matched them with accounts.
* As technology has advanced, additional data could then be captured, stored, and transmitted to the main computer, and often the metering devices could be controlled remotely.
* This can include events alarms such as tamper, leak detection, low battery, or reverse flow.
* Many AMR devices can also capture interval data, and log meter events.
* Radio frequency based AMR can take many forms. The more common one are Handheld, Mobile, and Fixed network.
