“Marketing ideas have made singularly little penetration into the centres of influence of the construction industry. To some extent this follows from the character of the industry as an agglomeration of service organisations, not without structural relationship to one another, but serving a clientele from which individuals seek service very infrequently.” (Jepson & Nicholson, 1972: p. 1) Although times have and are changing the above statement despite being written over twenty five years ago is still to some extent very true. The subject of this assignment is a construction firm that has recently designed and implemented a marketing management strategy.
The objective of this assignment is fourfold, firstly the companys approach to marketing management will be documented this will then be related to marketing management theory Then by analysing data collected through research the effectiveness of the strategy will be discussed. Finally using marketing management theory as a foundation recommendations will be made to identify where the initial strategy could be improved in order to promote future business development and success, in line with the strategic mission of the company. The organisation in question has strong foundations, since its incorporation in the mid fifties turnover has grown in line with inflation. In 1984 the Company was purchased by the son of the original managing director, he took up the role of new managing director. By the beginning of the 1990 s it became apparent that the company had reached a stage where it was no longer a small “hands-on” enterprise.
The Term Paper on Marketing Management 2
... MARKETING MANAGEMENT Asian Figure 1.5 Marketing-Mix Strategy © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong & Tan Marketing Management - An Perspective 4th Edition Figure 1.6 Factors Influencing Company Asian Marketing Management - An Marketing Strategy ...
The level of turnover and number of employees had increased at such a rate that the organisation now employed a sizeable management team. All with an experienced technical background in the fields of surveying, estimating or site management and who had either progressed through the ranks of this firm or other organisations of a similar size and nature. The company was at the time of the initial implementation of this initiative inexperienced in marketing management and strategy. However, the senior personnel realised the company had reached a stage where future business growth wasnt just going to come from hard work, doing the job well and relying on a good reputation. The view was taken that it was necessary to pursue new ventures to bring about growth and development. The Company has a large contracting portfolio with contracts completed for public and private clients in the commercial and industrial sectors.
Appendix A shows the diversification with the selection of recently completed projects and list the clients for whom work has been carried out. The reason for a firm of this size carrying out such a wide range of activities is largely based on the belief that in such a competitive industry as construction it has been necessary to take on whatever type of work was available in order to maintain a consistent order book. In developing the companys marketing management strategy numerous workshops were held, attending these were the company directors and two senior managers. Information on the company was gained from interviews with the persons attending these workshops. There are many reasons for running a business, this company wanted to be clear on why it wanted to improve or introduce the marketing effort so that appropriate goals can be set. The aim of wanting to grow the business by increasing sales while at the same time sustaining the level of profit margin is the underlying factor in this case.
Turnover could be increased very easily as most of the work is procured on an invitation to tender basis where the deciding factor is almost always price, however, “buying in” work will not necessary have a long term positive effect. The secondary objective was to secure profitable business relationships. These objectives are reflected in the mission statement in the appendix B. The development of the mission statement was the start of the companys marketing management initiative. The companys overall objective in the eyes of the leaders was defined. It was thought the development of a mission statement would provide the foundation needed.
The Term Paper on Management Information System in Marketing Information System
Market information system may be defined as factual knowledge about the action, antecedents or consequences of social actors outside or inside the firm and the environment in which they operate. Social actors are as consumers, completions, employee, institutions, suppliers, wholesalers, retailers, govt. bodies and NGO’s. The environment actors are physical, technological, economic, legal and ...
Perhaps the implementation of a mission statement doesnt have a direct link to the theory of marketing management however its place in the overall field of strategy is illustrated below. “A firms mission is top managements view of what the organisation seeks to do and become over the long term. Expressed in the form of a mission statement it provides a publicly available summary of the long term goals of a firms top managers.” (Barney, 1997: p. 10) After the preliminary stage it was decided that careful and critical examination of the company would be needed. The questions of what do we do well and what do we do badly were asked, however, analysis of “what we do” was first necessary. Previously there had been no formal categorisation so the next step was to analyse the business in relation to its markets.
It became apparent that this was impossible without analysing the different business activities and categorizing the market areas. The categories for such a division were decided upon as being type of client, sector of work, type of work, type of contract and location of work. These divisions produced provided the workshop team initially with the sufficient tools for analysing the business. The areas highlighted under these headings are shown in appendix C.
This way of thinking doesnt have a direct link to marketing management theory but can be proved to be a form of market segmentation. For the construction industry the application of marketing theory in order to segment the market is not directly appropriate, but it can be applied in the way stated to produce effective results as the common goal is the “identification of target markets.” Even though demographic, ethnic, religious and national classification are not appropriate as regards construction, industry own classifications appear to make data collection and analysis possible. “Market segmentation is the analysis of the total demand in a market into its constituent parts, so that different sets of consumers, with distinctive needs and behavioural patterns, can be identified,” (Page, 1995: p. 40) It would become apparent later that the market segmentation would be extremely useful when analysing markets.
The Business plan on Swot Analysis Epo Market China
... in a US$4, 8 billion market. O Unique marketing strategy to penetrate geographic areas ... that exist in our environment. This analysis highlights areas to be leveraged ... Dragon Biotech's strengths include: O Strong business model embracing both generic and ... include: O Increased competitor form foreign companies such as Amgen, Kirin and ... aged and better well off, they work harder in a quicker pace, ...
At this moment the initial divisions would help the effort of gathering information from various sources enabling critical analysis of the company. “From the customers point of view, the information process is the least visible of all the marketing functions. It is, nevertheless, the basis of all marketing activity. If the product / service is said to be the cornerstone of marketing, then it must be remembered that good products / services accurately reflect the needs and wants of customers, which can only be ascertained by gathering information. Information provides the means for a company to fulfil the marketing concept,” (Lancaster & Reynolds, 1995: p. 57) Examination of the company began by using the personal experience of the persons attending the workshop.
In this forum, lists were made of things that were likely to happen in the business environment which could have beneficial or negative effects on the companys fortunes. Subjects that were concentrated on were, new technology such as Information Technology and the latest building methods, the development of communication methods and any known developments within local and general government. This type of analysis of the macro environment could be perceived as a form of STEP or PEST analysis. From it the company compiled a list, developed from the personal experience of the workshop members, of all the external factors affecting the organisation. Further factors relating to the proximate macro environment about markets and competitors were also noted.
These environmental factors are in a broader context and are ones that the organisation has little or no control, however, they could highlight the marketing opportunities and threats of the future. “Successful companies recognise that the environment is constantly spinning new opportunities and threats and understand the importance of continuously monitoring and adapting to the changing environment.” (Kotler, 1997: p. 147) The next stage was the development of the organisations strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats through a SWOT analysis. First came the opportunities and threats using the results of the analysis of the external environmental factors. Using a pragmatic approach all things on the horizon which could have a negative effect on the business. Including not knowing key competitors well enough, changes in government spending.
The Term Paper on Greeting Card Industry Market Analysis
... Analysis Competition within the US Greeting Card Publishing Market is great. The two major companies in the market ... money under the existing greeting card marketing paradigm (Unity Marketing). Many greeting card publishers have ... translating those insights into new products and services are essential for success in this ... American Greetings had and continues to work very hard to prove to consumers ...
It was found the most of the threats were also opportunities and vice versa, depending on how a firm made predictions and reacted to changes. From the list produced the top three items that: had an extremely high probability of happening and a potentially high impact on the business were identified. Following this the internal factors were considered, highlighting the sectors that the panel believed they were good at (internal strengths) and areas were they were lacking in some way and where there was potential for dangerous situations (internal weaknesses).
This type of SWOT analysis gave the firm “the means by which to identify its own strengths and weaknesses as they relate to external opportunities and threats.” (McDonald, 1995: p. 28) Following SWOT analysis further investigation into the business was required as the SWOT had only dealt with the personal views and experience of senior personnel.
The various business classifications brought about following segmentation were analysed for the preceding five years. Factors analysed were profit, turnover, levels of enquiries and level of competition. As most of the work in the building industry is gained through tendering and selective tendering the competition factor would be the average number of companies tendering for a particular project. All agreed profit margin analysis was particularly important as profit margin was fundamental to both survival and future growth. Insufficient margins are unlikely to give the business the freedom to choose the best strategic option because of the impact on break even levels.
From the data analysis the following conclusions were drawn, the majority of the companys turnover came from work on schools and colleges and the industrial sector from the construction of warehouses and other similar buildings. Over recent years there had been a swing, however, towards work in the leisure industry. Industrial and commercial work had risen while public work had remained constant as the overall turnover increased. As far as profitability was concerned it was difficult to see any particular definite trend as to the more and less profitable sector of work. As regards the other areas of analysis, design and build work had increased steadily over the last couple of years and had proved profitable but was also considered an area where the company lacked experience. Repair and maintenance work accounted for a small percentage of turnover but was highly profitable.
The Term Paper on Ford Motor Company Marketing Market Model
It was once said, "Those who do not study the past are deemed to repeat it." On the brink of the new 21 st century it is important for us at the Ford Motor Company to take a look at our past to see what has worked and what has not in order to set the standards for the automotive industry. It is also imperative to take a close look at what our competitors have done because we can also learn from ...
Location analysis didnt prove any particular use apart from the fact that contracts carried out outside the north west region were generally for existing clients. At this stage the company didnt have the set-up and was reluctant to venture further a field unless it was to carry out work for valued clients. Following the analysis and information gathering stage, the workshop team were in a situation where numerous internal and external factors affecting the companys ability to achieve profit and sales had been identified. They were asking the question How do we reach our goal using the results of the analysis undertaken In order to make marketing management decisions some kind of formal marketing planning would now be required. “There can be little doubt that marketing planning is essential when we consider the increasingly hostile and complex environment in which companies operate” (McDonald, 1995: p. 21) The team focused their attention on the options for development.
Stay offering our regular clients the same services which would only be possible with the large clients that carryout regular building work and profitability would need to be maximised by reducing costs through increased efficiency. Provide a new type of service to existing clients possibilities included offering regular repair and maintenance service or offering the “complete service” from the initial design stage to the finished product. The advantage would be that the company would be dealing with clients where good stable relationship existed but the disadvantage was the companys unfamiliarity. Another option was to offer the “usual” service to a wider range of clients, not necessarily meaning a different type of client but to increase the marketing effort as regards selling the company or perhaps by widening the geographic region. This type of strategy undertaken by the company fits well with the theory of product / market expansion.
The Business plan on Marketing Strategy Analysis Of Coca Cola
INTRODUCTION This report serves as a comprehensive marketing audit of Coca-Cola. This audit examines the internal and external operating environment, the varied strengths, weaknesses, and other market forces driving change at Coca-Cola. To effectively conduct this analysis several tools and techniques were used to thoroughly examine the environment. They include: P.E.S.T and SPICC Analysis, which ...
Meaning the route chosen to achieve company goals through the range of services it offers to its chosen market segments. The simplification of the firms competitive situation into only the two dimensions of products and markets. Despite not actually using a framework such as Ans offs expansion matrix the group managed to simplify their task to produce a logical path towards their objectives. “Marketing objectives are about each of the four main categories of the Ans off matrix, market extension, product development, market penetration and diversification.” (Baker, 1993: p. 85) During the planning stage it became clear that two strategies were equally attractive. However, it would be necessary to focus on one particular one very clearly for a given time because resources are likely to be too limited to spread thinly.
The plan of action was to stay the same for six months to consolidate customers, to ensure profitability and develop the action plan investigating the marketing methods needed in the months to come. Following this the idea was to push forward and target new customers enlarging the client base and awareness of the company within the current sectors that the company was already involved. “There may be any number of strategic options, which give us the chance to be creative in thinking about a variety of routes that might be chosen to achieve company and marketing objectives” (Lancaster and Massingham, 1993: p. 354) Finally the product development strategic option was employed, where the plan was to widen and develop its range of services for existing clients.
The sectors of work with traditionally a higher share of turnover or where the company had experienced growth in recent years were areas targeted. Together with the sectors where the trend was towards increased number of new enquiries and the areas of least or diminishing competition. Although design and build work looked an attractive option on the face of it, potentially highly profitable and an area of low exploitation by the competition. It requires specialist resources some of which the company did not possess, however, there was the option of outsourcing certain constituents of work. The company was also inexperienced in this area showing that it is a risky proposition. However, continued exploration of this area was agreed at the firms current pace.
Having determined the range of segments in which they will participate, and nature of services to be offered, the next decision in formulating the marketing strategy is to determine the utilisation of individual elements of the marketing mix and the relative degree of reliance to be placed on each. In accomplishing the market development strategy of promoting the companys range of services to a wider audience the work group fitted to the theory of the marketing mix. Hence the allocation of the 4 Ps, product, price, place and promotion. “The marketing mix is a set of market tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target market” (Kotler, 1997: p. 92) Having determined the desired markets that the company would compete in the next step was organising a promotional strategy in these area. Following the apportionment of a marketing budget discussions were held in order to decide the best way of using this allocation.
In this idea of market development the company would attempt to sell its range of services to a wider market. The communication of the firm’s reputation and ability to the targeted markets was necessary. One source of such markets was a database of forthcoming planning applications for building work that the company thought would be of benefit to subscribe to. Mail shots would be sent to the companies on this database and to large local companies in the commercial and industrial sectors and a follow up call strategy would be implemented.
Further promotion of the companys name was also planned through promoting the company through its assets and the projects being worked on. Sign boards were to be redesigned and the policy was introduced that all projects would display these in prominent positions. Company vehicles and plant would also be in a good state of repair and display the company logo. Good relations with the press were keen to be developed so that coverage could be given to occasions such as foundation stone laying and official openings. As well as the clients the company also planned mail shots and a follow up call strategy for firms offering professional services relating to the building industry such as architects project managers and design companies. The price as regards building contracting is largely determined by the amount of margin to be added to the build up of the estimate for the project.
Price is almost always considered as being the single most important factor for the client as 99% of contracts are let to the lowest bidder. “The setting of the correct price is of enormous importance in marketing – both in getting the product accepted by the target market, and in generating sufficient revenue for the organisation.” (Page, 1995: p. 120) Factors taken into consideration in determining the level of profit margin to be added to the tender build-up are contract workload, nature of work (location, client etc. ), number of competitors and recently reported results. It was agreed that use would be made of the analysis undertaken for marketing purposes when making the commercial decision of the level of profit margin to be added to a project. We have seen how the firms approach to marketing management links closely to theory.
Now the effectiveness of this approach shall be analysed and its success shall be measured. It has been two years since the implementation of the initial marketing plan and it is assumed that sufficient time has past to draw conclusions as to its effectiveness. The obvious ways of determining this is by the analysis of financial information and statistical data. However, not only has financial information and statistical data been collected relating to the internal environment of the firm but also data has been collected about the external environment i.
e. the economic climate, the building industry and about local companies and competitors during this period. The company has experienced both growth in turnover and not only sustained the level of profitability but increased this. This is largely down to the fact that it has concentrated its efforts in particular sectors. This narrowing of its portfolio in some areas (no residential or transport) and diversification (design & build) into others seems to have had a positive effect. When comparing the companys performance to the rest of the industry (Appendix D) we can see that most of the areas the company chose were areas that the industry as a whole experienced growth.
This could perhaps prove that the external analysis made by the workshop team, despite not being data analysis, was beneficial. Now critical analysis of the marketing management strategy recommending improvements and changes to promote future business success and development. Firstly, the stages taken by the company in developing the marketing management function relate directly to that of theory and therein provide the perfect framework for the critical analysis. Analysing marketing opportunities, developing marketing, planning marketing programs and implementing the strategies is in essence the way that the workshop team organised itself during this initiative.
“As a management function marketing involves the process of analysis, planning, implementation and control.” (Lancaster and Massingham, 1993: p. 8) On the surface the companys approach seems logical and well applied and as we have seen it seems to have had a positive affect in some areas. However, I believe that the actual significance of the marketing concept has not been realised. “When applying the marketing concept the firm seeks to evaluate market opportunities before production, assess potential demand for the good, determine the product characteristics desired by consumers, predict the prices consumers are willing to pay, and then supply goods corresponding to the needs and wants of target markets more effectively than competitors.” (Bennett, 1996: 171) Marketing contribution to business success lies in its commitment to detailed analysis of future opportunities to meet customer needs. The central focus of the business has to be the customer, marketing management has to take the lead in researching the customer and the markets in order to develop strategies. The ideas dont have to be new ones just ones that are potential good for business success and development then the company can strive to become more profitable in these areas thus either creating value for the customer or by reducing costs so that the firm can compete better with the competitors.
It has to be agreed that the detailed analysis of the company was a particularly useful exercise. However, in spite of this it is still an old fashioned production orientated company or perhaps is part way between production and customer oriented. The markets are segmented but the act of understanding the customers values and needs are not performed. The workshop teams analysis of the external environment curtailed at the PEST analysis, which was in itself only personal views brought about by experience. While this type of analysis can be beneficial it is not usually wholly accurate. Further detailed analysis of the macro environment is undoubtedly required if the company is to understand its customers requirements and capitalise by being one step ahead of the competition.
“Changes and trends in the macro environment give rise to some of the most significant opportunities and threats that any organisation faces. Companies which fail to recognise and take account of changes in their environment have, in the past, either failed to capitalise on their opportunities or – worse still – have suddenly realised that their markets have disappeared.” (Lancaster and Massingham, 1998: p. 26) A successful external analysis needs to be directed and purposeful. There is always the danger that it will become an endless process resulting in an excessively descriptive report. Without discipline and direction, volumes of useless descriptive material can easily be generated. The external analysis process should not be an end in itself.
It should be motivated throughout by a desire to affect strategy and it should contribute to the decision of the application of investment, by doing all of these it will be responsible for the development of a sustainable competitive advantage. External analysis can also contribute to the marketing management strategy by identifying significant trends, future events, opportunities and threats. It has to be recognised that by identifying these areas threats to one organisation can become opportunities for another in being able to sustain competitive advantage. “Attempting to lay any sort of plans for the future without first gathering enough information is not only foolish, it also demonstrates dangerous tendencies towards complacency and arrogance. Knowing that information must be gathered is one thing, knowing how much and what to gather is quite another.” (Fid field, 1992: p. 39) As the customers are the focus of the marketing concept the first logical step when beginning marketing management is to analyse the customers.
The workshop teams approach to segmentation was the right platform. However, as we saw their segmentation for this type of industry is applied differently than that of other different industries that tend to be referred to in marketing theory. Nevertheless, through segmentation we can identify customer groups that respond differently than other customer groups. The way that the workshop team undertook the task of defining the segments was good as it identified the variables that can differentiate between one project and another.
Following this the subdivision was useful because it recognised the broad categories like to the industry were to vague. In essence the divisions proved to be effective and can be linked to the industry standard. The act of segmentation opens the doors for analysis of the industry, an individual organisation, its markets and its customers. It also provides the focus for the organisations strategy for business success. The workshop teams method of segmentation links directly to the Department of Trade and Industry method of segmentation when analysing the whole of the construction industry for government statistics.
For this reason it is very easy to collect data and analyse the external sectors and then link this to the companys own business. The data has been collected from various sources and this is stated in the appendix D. The conclusion are drawn below. The output of the construction industry for work done for the industrial sector is relatively small. The current output for this sector is estimated to be 3.
26 bn, where as the total output of the industry as a whole is in excess of 55 bn. The problem with this particular sub sector is the manufacturing sector has not grown by very much, steel has undergone radical changes and coal has all but disappeared. Fewer factories and warehouses are being built. For the company the only work undertaken in the industrial sector is the construction and major alteration to warehouses, it is a large and important part of the companys turnover. Clearly the prospects for the industrial sector are less favourable than for those of the others.
In general, there has been no change in the pattern of investment and, although there has been an increase in the value of orders in the private sector, it is not large enough to make a significant difference to future output of the construction industry. However, the level of output for work carried out in relation to warehouses is increasing year on year despite the shift from a manufacturing to a service economy. The deciding factor is whether or not this will continue to be the case. Commercial construction is a much more important sector in that it represents nearly 39.
8% of the output of the construction industry. It is highly cyclical and very sensitive to changes in economic conditions. The sector has been favourably affected by privatisation. In the private sector the sub sections of offices shops and entertainment are the dominant factors.
While for the public sector output is concentrated in the areas of education and health. The overall trends for both are positive, however, there is a strong element of volatility in the output and the orders, for private sector work. There are still a large number of small and medium sized firms in the industry but this number is declining. Design and build has been a growth area in the construction industry in recent years. Design and Build is where on organisation takes responsibility for both functions on behalf of a client. As the market for building contractors has become more competitive and margins have been squeezed tighter the contractors sought other ways of increasing competitive advantage by offering the full service it had dual benefits for client and contractor.
Design and build projects do have an attraction nevertheless there are pitfalls to this market. “To the detriment of the traditional architects practice, recent times have brought about the augmentation of design and build contractors. It appears to be an increasingly preferred method of tendering for private concerns in the light industrial and commercial sectors. More recently research suggests some building contractors have paid the penalty for entering the new sector with little experience. The attractiveness of low competition and perceived greater margins had blinded the judgment some what.” (Ashworth, 1998: p.
7) The identification of trends within the industry can provide vital information as to the current and future state of the various sectors. The correct prediction of future trends is the key to achieving the competitive edge. “Trends within the market can affect current and future strategies and assessments of market probability.” (A aker, 1995: p. 26) In the construction industry clear trends can be identified. The long term trend in the industrial sector has been a move away from manufacturing towards a service-based economy causing overall decline in the industrial sector. Decline also in coal mining and steel based industries causing construction firms connected with these areas to switch their efforts to other activities.
In the commercial sector an appreciable amount of traditionally public sector work has been transferred to the private sector though the privatization of industries. Increase in demand for entertainment and leisure activities and the consequent increase in demand for the necessary facilities. Despite objections from various pressure groups, large commercial centers are increasing in number. There is a demand for modern offices adaptable to the requirements of information technology and computerization, together with the recognition of the fact that the working environment has a significant effect on the performance of individuals. When analyzing the external environment using PEST the company needs to have a list of areas to investigate for each of the four factors; political, economic, social and technological. Political factors could be to look at the effect of a change of government would have on spending in the public sector.
The state of play as regards the ability to obtain grants from the European commission. Changes in the requirements for obtaining planning permission. Changes in the health and safety regulations. Economic factors to be looked out for would be situation with the UKs Gross Domestic Product. Which industries are experiencing increased investment as this is likely to lead to increased construction activities. Change in the demand for new buildings that will be suitable for changing needs of other industries for example the needs of a high technology environment.
Changes in interest and exchange rates have large effects on construction projects. Development grant awards for various regions and sectors such as the national lottery. Social factors that could be identified are as follows. Inner city regeneration and outer city development would bring about an increased requirement for construction work. Environmentalist pressure for the extension of the Green Belt and other current environmental factors. Demographic changes leading to increased need for special housing.
Changes in social trends and consumer behavior. Technological factors that could potentially provide the company with competitive advantage can be identified by looking at the following areas. Increased use of information technology. Innovations in construction techniques for example the greater use of pre-fabricated elements.
Further development in high technology creating a need for suitable buildings. Using the information gathered from an appraisal of the external environment we need to turn the information into action. Whats important is to search through the environment for specific opportunities which appear to be open to our organization. It takes time to develop new services and develop new markets. If there is a hint that new market possibilities are likely to open then we should plan our time accordingly to gain the maximum benefit. As well as identifying the opportunities in tomorrows market place it is also important that we clearly identify the threats which may appear in the business environment.
The important thing is not just to identify the threats but to be able to do something about them.
