EXERCISE 4: CALCULATION OF THE ENERGY CONTRIBUTION OF A SUNSPACE TO THE WINTER THERMAL LOAD OF A BUILDING LOCATED IN TURIN
Based on the results of the preceding exercises, foresee the placement of sunspaces on one or more of the facades of your reference building model.
Then proceed as follows for each sunspace type (characterizing all sunspaces with the same dimensions and thermo physical characteristics):
a. determine the net sunspace envelop transparent area for each surface orientation;
b. determine the transparent and opaque area of the walls/windows dividing the sunspace from the indoor space;
c. determine the monthly average daily global solar irradiation for each sunspace surface using the given table;
d. draw a schematic representation of shading devices and relevant shading masks to calculate the winter season shadowing factor (1 = no shaded hours; 0 = all hours shaded);
e. define the characteristics of sunspace windows (ratio of transparent area to total area, glass optical transmittance, glass solar factor, thermal loss transmittance);
f. define the characteristics of the massive walls dividing the sunspace from the indoor space (thermal loss transmittance, absorption coefficient of the external surface;
g. apply the EXCEL calculation file to calculate the sunspace energy balance.
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When the whole building model is developed, the calculated sunspace energy net contribution will be compared to the winter thermal load of the building.
EXCEL Calculation programme
Terminology
Sheet 1 (fsdg) – Title: Direct solar gain through windows between sunspace and its adjacent indoor room
Input parameters: Name of element
Orientation (S, SE-SW, E, W)
Area [m2]
m = transparency coefficient (ratio of glazed area to total window’s area, value between 0 and 1); default value = 0.80
= solar transmission coefficient (ratio of the solar energy entering the room to the solar incident radiation on the glazed element, value between 0 and 1); default value = 0.65
ms = as m but referred to the sunspace glazed envelop; default value = 0.85
s = as but referred to the sunspace glazed envelop; default value = 0.75
Ei = daily solar radiation on the glazed element, dependent on location and orientation (see table on Turin data) [kWh/m2day]
Sf = average monthly shading coefficient of the glazed element (from the shadowing masks of the glazed element with shading device); default value for movable devices = 0.6
Sheet 2 (fsmw) – Title: Solar gain through massive walls between sunspace and its adjacent indoor room
Input parameters: Name of element
Orientation (S, SE-SW, E, W)
Area [m2]
U = thermal loss transmittance of the wall; default value = 2.2 (0.3 m-thick concrete wall with a heat phase-displacement of 8 hours)
= short-wave solar absorption coefficient of the wall (ratio of the solar energy absorbed by the wall to the short-wave solar incident radiation, value between 0 and 1); default value = 0.9
ms = transparency coefficient of the sunspace glazed envelop; default value = 0.85
s = solar transmission coefficient of the sunspace glazed envelop; default value = 0.75
E = daily solar radiation on the wall, dependent on location and orientation (see table on Turin data) [kWh/m2day]
Sf = average monthly shading coefficient of the sunspace glazed envelop (from the shadowing masks of the glazed elements with shading device); default value for movable devices = 0.9
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Sheet 3 (Es) – Title: Solar energy entering the sunspace through glazed elements
Input parameters: Name of element
Orientation (S, SE-SW, E, W)
Area [m2]
ms = transparency coefficient of the sunspace glazed envelope’s element; default value = 0.85
s = solar transmission coefficient of the sunspace glazed envelope’s element; default value = 0.75
E = daily solar radiation on the sunspace glazed envelope’s element, dependent on location and orientation (see table on Turin data) [kWh/m2day]
Sf = average monthly shading coefficient of the sunspace glazed envelope’s element (from the shadowing masks of the glazed elements with shading device); default value for movable devices = 0.9
Sheet 4 (Fs) – Title: Solar gain due to trapped energy
a1 = thermal loss coefficient by reflection
a2 = thermal loss coefficient through the floor
The coefficients are taken from the table on the side, based on the type of sunspace (columns 1 and 2) and the type of glazing: column 3, if the sunspace has a non-insulated floor and single glazing;
column 4, if the sunspace has a non-insulated floor and double glazing;
column 5, if the sunspace has an insulated floor and single glazing with light colour;
column 6, if the sunspace has an insulated floor and double glazing with light colour;
column 7, if the sunspace has an insulated floor and single glazing with dark colour;
column 8, if the sunspace has an insulated floor and double glazing with dark colour.
Sheet 5 (Lbm-Lhm ) – Title: Thermal losses through the sunspace as a buffer space
First table (title in column 1: losses from sunspace to the external environment)
OPAQUE ELEMENTS
Input parameters:
Name of element
Area [m2]
U = thermal loss transmittance; default value = 0.34
TRANSPARENT ELEMENTS
Input parameters:
Name of element
Area [m2]
Uday = daily thermal loss transmittance; default value = 5.0
Unight = nightly thermal loss transmittance; default value = 5.0
THERMAL BRIDGES
Input parameters:
Name of thermal bridge; default = floor slab fascia
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Length [m]
k [W/m K]; default value = 0.3
AIRFLOW RATE BETWEEN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND SUNSPACE
default value = 0.07 m3/h-m (related to the length of joints of opening windows)
DAILY THERMAL LOSSES – Lbd
Output
NIGHTLY THERMAL LOSSES – Lbn
Output
Second table (title in column 1: losses from indoor heated space to sunspace)
OPAQUE ELEMENTS
Input parameters:
Name of element
Area [m2]
U = thermal loss transmittance; default value = 0.34 (except for a possible storage massive wall with Uvalue as in sheet 2)
TRANSPARENT ELEMENTS
Input parameters:
Name of element
Area [m2]
Uday = daily thermal loss transmittance; default value = 2.2
Unight = nightly thermal loss transmittance; default value = 2.2
DAILY THERMAL LOSSES – Lbd
Output
NIGHTLY THERMAL LOSSES – Lbn
Output
Sheet 6 (Ts-Tsng) – Title: Average monthly temperature in the sunspace
AVERAGE MONTHLY AIR TEMPERATURE IN THE SUNSPACE
Input parameters:
to = average monthly ambient temperature (see table for Turin)
tt = set point temperature; default value = 20 °C
Calculated parameters (from other sheets):
Lhm = Thermal losses from indoor heated space to sunspace
Lbm = Thermal losses from sunspace to external environment
Output parameters:
Tsng (°C) = Average monthly air temperature in the sunspace without solar gains
Ts (°C) = Average monthly air temperature in the sunspace with solar gains
ESTERNAL AIRFLOW RATE
(FROM SUNSPACE TO INDOOR HEATED SPACE)
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Calculate through the table in sheet 16 “ventilazione”:
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Input rows:
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– volume of the room adjacent to the sunspace [m3]
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– minimum air changes per hour in the room adjacent to the sunspace [vol/h]; default value = 0.5
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– area of the opening windows/doors between sunspace and the adjacent room [m2]
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– area of the external opening windows/doors in the room adjacent to the sunspace [m2]
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Output row:
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– estimated external airflow rate [m3/h]; to be inserted in sheet 6
Sheet 7 ( sb – sa) – Title: Solar gains due to buffer effect and convective heat transfer
Output:
– Solar gain due to buffer effect
– Solar gain due to pre-heating of external airflow rate
Sheet 8 (L) – Title: Overall thermal losses
Output:
– Daily thermal losses
– Nightly thermal losses
– Total thermal losses
Sheet 9 – Title: Sunspace thermal balance
Output:
– Direct solar gain through windows between sunspace and indoor space
– Solar gain due to storage massive walls
– Solar gain due to buffer effect
– Solar gain due to pre-heating of external airflow rate
– Total solar gains
– Thermal losses through the buffer space
– Net total thermal gain
Sheet 10 ( dg) – Title: Direct solar gain through external windows in the room adjacent to the sunspace
Input parameters: Name of element
Orientation (S, SE-SW, E, W)
Area [m2]
m = transparency coefficient (ratio of glazed area to total window’s area, value between 0 and 1); default value = 0.80
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= solar transmission coefficient (ratio of the solar energy entering the room to the solar incident radiation on the glazed element, value between 0 and 1); default value = 0.70
Ei = daily solar radiation on the glazed element, dependent on location and orientation (see table on Turin data) [kWh/m2day]
Sf = average monthly shading coefficient of the glazed element (from the shadowing masks of the glazed element with shading device); default value for movable devices = 0.6
Sheet 11 (LL – ss) – Title: Thermal losses from the room adjacent to the sunspace towards the external environment
OPAQUE ELEMENTS
Input parameters:
Name of element
Area [m2]
U = thermal loss transmittance; default value = 0.34
TRANSPARENT ELEMENTS
Input parameters:
Name of element
Area [m2]
Uday = daily thermal loss transmittance; default value = 2.2
Unight = nightly thermal loss transmittance; default value = 2.2
THERMAL BRIDGES
Input parameters:
Name of thermal bridge; e.g., floor slab fascia
Length [m]
k [W/m K]; default value = 0.3
Name of thermal bridge; e.g., connection between windows’ frames and external walls
Length [m]
k [W/m K]; default value = 0.1
AIRFLOW RATE BETWEEN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND INDOOR HEATED ROOM
default value = 0.2 m3/h-m (related to the length of joints of opening windows)
DAILY THERMAL LOSSES – Lbd
Output
NIGHTLY THERMAL LOSSES – Lbn
Output
Sheet 12 (L) – Title: Overall thermal losses
Output:
– Daily thermal losses
– Nightly thermal losses
– Total thermal losses
Sheet 13 (ss) – Title: Thermal balance of the room adjacent to the sunspace as if it were without sunspace
Output:
– Direct solar gain through windows
– Total solar gains
– Thermal losses through the envelop
– Net total thermal gain
Sheet 14 – Title: Comparative thermal balance
Output:
– Net total thermal gain with sunspace
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– Net total thermal gain without sunspace
– Global net thermal contribution of the sunspace
Sheet 15 – Title: Infiltration
Sheet 16 – Title: Ventilation