Module 7525 Macroeconomics II Essay Coursework.” Many economic forecasters are suggesting that the US economy is about to enter into recession. Using IS/LM/BP analysis and assuming perfect capital mobility, suggest how the US could use its exchange rate policy to counter this movement but also highlight the potential problems of using such a policy to the US government.” History Background: The US Economy. There are increasing signs that the US economy is heading towards a recession as major corporations (from the auto industry, to banking, to technology, to consumer goods) have announced far weaker than expected sales and earnings and a new round of mass layoffs and plant closings. While most pundits still maintain that the US will sustain a decline in growth without a recession, the Financial Times noted that “a growing number of economists now believe that the US is well on the way to recession in 2001” with some arguing that it has already arrived. While that assessment may be “too pessimistic”, it continued, the “threat of a serious downturn for the US is as great as it has been at any time in the past decade.” The IS, LM, BP Model. When we open the economy to international transactions we have to take into account the effects of trade in goods and services (i.
e. items in the current account) as well as trade in assets (i. e. items in the capital account).
Opening the economy to international trade in goods and services means that we have to take into account the increased demand for our goods by foreigners (our exports), as well as the decreased demand for our goods that occurs because we purchase foreign goods (i.
The Essay on Compare and contrast shadow economies with Fair Trade
A shadow economy is defined as an underground economy or black market. In this market, applicable taxes are not paid and trade regulations are not adhered to. According to the World Bank, which also refers to the shadow economy as a gray economy, this type of economy is characterized by business activities not accounted for by official statistics. By and large, this kind of economy is inclusive of ...
e. our imports).
The effect of opening the economy to trade in goods and services, is that the IS curve needs to be specified for a given exchange rate. The IS curve still depicts the combinations of I and Y for which the level of total expenditures equals the level of production, but now, in addition to being determined by the interest rate, total expenditures are also determined by the exchange rate.
Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the IS curve is fixed (unless there is a change in government spending or tax rates, or the government devalues or revalues the currency).
Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the price of foreign exchange fluctuates to equate the demand and supply of foreign exchange. Thus, e (domestic price of foreign currency) changes on a frequent basis. Whenever e changes, the IS curve shifts. If e increases (the domestic currency depreciates), X increases, V falls, thus, NX increases, which means total expenditures have risen, therefore the IS curve shifts to the right. If e falls (the domestic currency appreciates), X falls, V rises, thus NX falls and the IS curve shifts to the left.
When discussing the effects of various policies (fiscal and monetary), we must be certain of the exchange rate regime: we will get different answers with a flexible regime than with a fixed regime. To examine the effect of trade in financial assets (i. e. capital flows) we need to construct a BP curve. The BP curve shows the various combinations of interest rates and income levels for which the Current Account (CA) and the Capital Account (KA) offset each other (i. e.
the Balance of Payments is in equilibrium).
The Current Account (CA) is equivalent to the level of net exports and is determined by the domestic level of income (which affects V), the (constant) foreign level of income (which affects X), and the exchange rate (which affects both V and X).
As the domestic level of income rises, imports rise while exports stay constant. Thus, as income rises (with e remaining unchanged) NX falls, therefore the CA falls. The Capital Account is determined by the factors that affect capital flows between countries: the rate of return on comparable assets.
The Essay on Fdi In India Capital Growth Domestic
FDI inflows are down by almost 50% but instead of shrinking, our economy continues to grow. This is a fact, yet FDI-ideologues say we must provide unconditional entry to foreign companies if we want to grow economically. Ignore them. The time has come to put curbs on FDI. Our 'experts' are obsessed with the premise that larger FDI inflows are essential for higher growth but there is hardly any ...
By assuming that foreign interest rates (i ) are constant and that there are no expectations that the exchange rate will change, a rise in domestic interest rates will attract capital here (K inflow) while a fall in domestic interest rates will attract capital to foreign countries (K outflow).
The BP curve is drawn for a given exchange rate and a given foreign interest rate. (Diagram 1, Appendix 1) The slope of the BP curve (Diagram 2, Appendix 1) has 3 ranges, characterizing the degree of capital mobility in the economy. The BP is perfectly horizontal when capital is perfectly mobile. This situation occurs when financial assets are perfect substitute across countries. Any small deviation in the domestic interest rate from the foreign interest rate results in an infinite amount of capital flows.
If the domestic interest rate is lower than the foreign interest rate, there are an infinite amount of capital outflows. If the domestic interest rate is higher than the foreign interest rate, there are an infinite amount of capital inflows. Obviously, whenever there are an infinite amount of capital flows, there is very strong pressure on the exchange rate to change. Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the Central Bank will have to buy or sell sufficient quantities of domestic currency to counteract this pressure on the exchange rate.
Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the price of foreign exchange will adjust. When capital is mobile (but not perfectly mobile) the BP curve is not perfectly horizontal, but is flatter than the LM curve. Assets are not perfect substitutes across countries. Immobile capital occurs when the BP curve is steeper than the LM curve. As we will see below, the degree of capital mobility has a bearing on the outcome of various fiscal and monetary policies. To sum up, the rules for shifts in the curves are as follows: The IS Curve.
The Term Paper on Changes in Inflation Rate and Domestic Interest Rate Cause a Deterioration of a Country’s Balance of Payments Position
Inflation is the general,inordinate and sustain increase in price level. When there is an increase in inflation rate in a country, prices of exports will rise. Hence there will be a fall in the quantity demanded for its exports as it is too expensive for foreign countries to purchase these goods. Assuming price elasticity less than one, this will result in a fall in export earnings, hence leading ...
The IS shifts right when there is an increase in G or the exchange rate depreciates (i. e. e increases).
The IS curve shifts left when there is an increase in the proportional tax (note that the IS curve does not shift in a parallel fashion in this case) or when the exchange rate appreciates (it shifts in a parallel fashion in this case).
