A Discussion of the major causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution in 2 major areas of Design – Architecture and Graphic Design
In this essay I propose to show how Architecture and Graphic Design caused the Industrial Revolution. I also propose to show the effects that were caused by Architecture and Graphic Design during the Industrial Revolution. I will be analyzing two examples from each area of design to help answer and prove my heading. I will be showing the progress made in these areas of design in the analyzing of these examples.
Architecture
The first example is The Westminster Palace. Westminster Palace is situated on the north bank of the River Thames in London, England. It was originally built to be the houses of parliament in London, that is why it is also referred to as The Houses of Parliament.
Westminster Palace is the seat of the two Houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom. The one is The House of Lords and the other is The House of Commons.
Westminster Palace was designed and built in 1840 by Sir. Charles Barry. Sir. Charles Barry’s collaborative design of the palace uses the Perpendicular Gothic Style – a style that puts large emphasis on
strong vertical lines, seen most clearly in the window tracery and wall paneling of Westminster Palace. The Westminster Palace is a unique building reflecting mainly the Gothic Style. This is shown in the high rised spires, very fine detail and jaggered edges clearly shown on the Westminster Palace. Barry was a classical architect, but he was aided by the Gothic architect Augustus Pugin who designed the interior wallpaper, furniture, throne and the world famous Clock Tower more commonly known as Big Ben. Westminster Palace was originally made out of a unique stone called Anston Stone, a sand-coloured magnesium limestone.
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The stone, however, soon began to decay due to pollution and the poor quality of some of the stone used. Although such defects were clear as early as 1849, nothing was done for the remainder of the 19th century. During the 1910s, it became clear that some of the stonework had to be replaced. In 1928 it was deemed necessary to use Clipsham Stone, a honey-coloured limestone, to replace the decayed Anston. The project began in the 1930s but was halted due to the Second World War, and completed only during the 1950s.
Westminster Palace has many very small windows. The reason for this is to respect the privacy of the members of royalty who live there. These small windows are specially designed to let in a lot of light, but in small amounts as to keep the large hallways and bedrooms cool during the summer.
The second example I am going to analyse is The Crystal Palace. Toward the beginning of the 1800s, there were huge demands for new types of buildings with large uninterrupted floor space. To solve this problem, Victorian Designers then used new building materials made available by the Industrial Revolution. These materials were cast-iron, wrought iron and, later, steel. By using these materials, they were able to create some of the most original and exciting buildings of that period. The Crystal Palace was designed by Sir. Joseph Paxton, in 1851. The Exhibition building was 564 m long and 33m
in height. The Crystal Palace was made almost entirely of cast-iron and glass. It was originally built in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace’s 92,000 square meter of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution.
On the 30th of November 1936, The Crystal Palace burnt to the ground.
To conclude this area (architectural area) of design, we can see that during the Industrial Revolution there was a drastic change on the Architectural front. Architects went from predominantly Gothic Styled building to a more modern style of building. This was brought on by the different materials being developed during that time. The early example (1840) of architecture in the Industrial Revolution – Westminster Palace – shows that there was very little glass used and buildings were made of natural materials such as stone. The later example (1851) of architecture in the Industrial Revolution – Crystal Palace – shows that buildings were made almost entirely of man-made materials such as glass and cast-iron. The use of stone fell away almost completely and the Gothic trend started to die down. As the demand for stronger more durable materials increased, the natural, weaker materials weren’t used as much.
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Graphic Design
In the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, Graphic design was only just being introduced into England. Early forms of newspapers and posters were only used for advertising and were only printed in black and white, and different shades of grey. Although this design by Philip. B. Meggs is an advert for an American Theatre, this is the typical design and layout used in England during the Industrial Revolution. Posters and newspapers in this time were printed by hand. The designer would use a piece of wood and cut the design out of the wood and then ink it up and print it. This method of printing is called Lithography. Lithography is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a completely smooth surface. The design is engraved into the stone or metal plate and ink is then applied.
The stone or metal plate is then pressed onto the surface being printed on, and the image is transferred. Lithographic printing was invented in 1796 as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or another suitable material. At the top of the above poster, there is a heading which says, “CHESTNUT STREET THEATRE” in bold, capital letters. Blow the heading there is very fine print probably stating times and the costs of each show which below. Below the fine print it says, “SUMMER SEASON” in bold, capital letters. This shows that these shows are only on during the summer months. Below “SUMMER SEASONS” it says “PLEASING ENTERTAINMENT” in capital letters. From this point, to the bottom of the poster, is a list of all the shows being put on, each in bold, capitals letters but all in different fonts. The reason why we know that this poster is from the Industrial Revolution is because all the writing is very compacted, leaving very little negative space.
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Toward the later part of the Industrial Revolution, newspapers and posters started to be printed in colour and the use of pictures were introduced around that time as well. Around this time, the printing of posters became easier which meant that one could use one poster to advertise one event instead of using one poster to advertise 5 or 6 events. This new method of printing is called Chromolithography. Chromolithography is a method used to make multi-colour prints. This type of color printing originated from the process of lithography, and it includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour. Lithographers wanted to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of relief or intaglio printing.
This is a poster designed by G.Hall and F.Bailey in the year unknown. The different between this poster and the poster previously discussed is that this poster is printed using the method called Chromolithography and the previous poster was printed using Lithography. This new method of printing allowed the designers to print it in colour. The heading of the poster is printed in bold, capital letters and says, “UXBRIDGE FAIR”. The word “Uxbridge” is printed in red, putting emphasis on where the fair is going to be held. Below the heading it says, “NOTICE” is bold capital letters. Below that it states the date in red, uppercase letters so that the date stands out above the rest of the words and information. Below the date is the address, followed by all the different acts that can be seen at the fair. These acts are, “performing dogs and monkeys, ghost illusions, real moving wax works, the Crystal Palace Steam Circus and fireworks”. All of these are written in bold, capital letters, and are very compacted, leaving very little empty space, typical design of the Industrial Revolution.
To conclude this area (Graphic Design) of design, we can see from the previously discussed examples, that over time there are certain needs and demands that need to be satisfied in order to make life easier for the people living in England. Toward the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, people had to print posters by hand which can be very stressful and tiring. As circumstances get worse, people find alternatives to problems. Designers and printers went from the physical method of Lithography to the less physical printing method of Chromolithography which also allowed them to print in colour. This method also allowed them to print one advert on a poster as opposed to 5 or 6 on a poster. The fact that they were now using colour also made it more appealing to the public.
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To conclude this essay, we can see from the previous examples that everything starts with a need or demand that needs to be satisfied by improving on methods and materials that already exist. In the Architectural debate we can see that architects went from using the natural material (stone) to a man-made material (cast-iron and glass).
By doing this, it increased the durability of buildings and satisfied the need. In the Graphic Design debate, printers had the need to make posters more appealing to the target market. The way in which this happened was simply by changing the current method of printing at that time (lithography) to a more recent method of printing (Chromolithography).
This new method allowed them to print one advert on one poster instead of many adverts on one poster. And these advert could now be printed in colour.
Bibliography
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/04/73204-004-D50B51FF.jpg
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/849217/67490/Poster-for-the-Chestnut-Street-Theatre
