TIME | BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVE | CONTENT | TEACHING LEARNING ACTIVITY | AV AIDS AND REFERENCES |
1mt3mts1mt3mts3mts3mts3mts3mts3 mt3mt2mt2 mt3mts2mt2mt3mts5mt3mts10mt2 mt1mt1hr1hr | Student defines alternative medicineIdentifies types of alternative medicineLists down the various alternative therapies. Explain about the accupunctureDescribe about acupressureExplain about aromatherapy.discuss about yogaExplains about meditation.Explains about Reiki.Explains about therapeutic touch.Discuss about juice therapy.Explains about music therapyExplains about hydrotherapy.define referral systemchracterstics of good referral systemdeterminants ofreferral systemEnlist componentsOf health careDefine termsDescribe components of referral systemexplain referral system tools | INTRODUCTIONThe term alternative medicine, as used in the modern world,encompasses any healing practice “that does not fall with realm of conventional medicine “.Alternative medicine practises are as diverse in their methodologies .Practises may incorporate or base themselves on traditional medicine, folk knowledge,spiritualbeliefs,or newly conceived approaches to healing .Juriadictions where alternative medicine are sufficiently widespread may license and regulate them .The claims made by alternative medicine practioners are generally not accepted by the medical community because evidence based assessment of safety and efficacy is either not available or has not been performed for many of these practices.DEFINITIONAlternative medicine includes all such practices which are outside the domains of conventional medicine in several countries and defined by its usersas preventing or treating illness ,or promoting health and wellbeing.(INSITUTE OF MEDICINE),U.S.AThe National Center for complementary and alternative medicine (NCAAM) defines alternative medicine as -“A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices,and products ,that are not currently part of conventional medicine.”NCCAM groups CAM practices into four domains, recognizing there can be some overlap. In addition, NCCAM studies CAM whole medical systems, which cut across all domains. Whole medical systems: Whole medical systems are built upon complete systems of theory and practice.Often, these systems have evolved apart from and earlier than the conventional medical approach
The Research paper on Health Care Holistic Medicine Alternative
Alternative Health Care Alternative Alternative Health Care Essay, Research Paper Alternative health care, also known as holistic or homeopathic care, is a myriad of unconventional health care approaches to healing and improving ill health. Dr. Samuel Hahnemann discovered homeopathy in the early 1800? s. He was sick of the art of medicine practiced in his time; he said it was barbaric. He knew ...
used in the United States. Examples of whole medical systems that have developed in Western cultures include homeopathic medicine and
naturopathic medicine. Examples of systems that have developed in non-Western cultures include traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda. Mind-body medicine: Mind-body medicine uses a variety of techniques designed to enhance the mind’s capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms. Some techniques that were considered CAM in the past
have become mainstream (for example, patient support groups and cognitive-behavioral therapy).
Other mind-body techniques are still considered CAM, including meditation, prayer, mental healing, and therapies that use creative outlets such as art, music, or dance. Biologically based practices:-Biologically based practices in CAM use substances found in nature, such as herbs, foods, and vitamins. Some examples include dietary supplements, herbal products, and the use of other so-called natural but as yet scientifically unproven therapies (for example, using shark cartilage to treat cancer).
Manipulative and body-based practices: Manipulative and body-based practices in CAM are based on manipulation and/or movement of one or more parts of the body. Some Some examples include chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation.Energy medicine: Energy therapies involve the use of energy fields. They are of two types: 1 “BIOFlELD THERAPIES ARE INTENDED TO AFFECT ENERGY FlELDS that purportedly surround and penetrate the human body. The existenceof such fields has not yet been scientifically proven. Some forms ofenergy therapy manipulate biofields by applying pressure and/ormanipulating the body by placing the hands in, or through, thesefield. Examples include Reiki, and therapeutic touch. “BIOELECTROMAGNETIC BASED THERAPIES INVOLVE THE UNCONVENTIONAL
The Term Paper on Acupuncture: Chinese Medicine
There is quite a bit of mystery surrounding acupuncture. The part people see the most is a person with needles sticking out of their flesh. Understandably being wary of sharp pointed objects being wielded by a complete stranger, this is often an obstacle that needs to be over come. The best way to do this is by becoming educated about how acupuncture is performed, where it came from, what it does, ...
use of electromagnetic fields, such asmagnetic fields.
The various types of alternative medicine therapies- * Acupuncture * Acupressure * Aromatheraphy * Meditation * Yoga * Reiki * Juice therapy * Music therapy * Colour therapy * HydrotherapyetcACUPUNCTURE-Acupuncture is among the oldest healing practices in the world. As part of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture aims to restore and maintain health through the stimulation of specific points on the body. About Acupuncture The term “acupuncture” describes a family of procedures involving the stimulation of anatomical points on the body using a variety of techniques. The acupuncture technique that has been most often studied scientifically involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid, metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands or by electrical stimulation.The acupuncturist may supplement treatment with MOXA a smoldering herb which is used to warm acupuncture points to encourage body energy to flow smoothly. Massage or tapping with a round probe are techniques particularly suitable for small children or for people with fear of needles .Benefits-The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendsacupuncture as an effective treatment for overforty medical problems, like * Allergies * Respiratoryconditions. * Gastrointestinal disorders * Gynecological problems * Nervous conditions * Disorders of the eyesnose and throat.In 2002 the National institute of health announced that pain from certain musculoskeltalconditionscan be helped by acupuncture. Acupuncture Side Effects and Risks The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates acupuncture needles for use by licensed practitioners, requiring that needles be manufactured and labeled according to certain standards. For example, the FDA requires that needles be sterile, nontoxic, and labeled for single use by qualified practitioners only. When not delivered properly, acupuncture can cause serious adverse effects, including infections and punctured organs. AcupressureDefinitionAcupressure is a form of touch therapy that utilizesthe principles of acupuncture and Chinese medicine. Inacupressure, the same points on the body are used as inacupuncture, but are stimulated with finger pressure insteadof with the insertion of needles. Acupressure isused to relieve a variety of symptoms and pain.MechanismThe idea is to balance the life energy in the body which is disturbed when we become ill which through a series of finger pressures all over the body pathways ,it can rebalance the body energies, regulate the function of theOrgans and improve circulation.By releasing the body naturalEnergy flow , our self healing process is able to take place.BenefitsAcupressure massage performed by a therapist can be very effective both as prevention and as a treatmentfor many health conditions, including * headaches, * general aches and pains, * colds and flu, * arthritis, * allergies, * asthma, * nervous tension, * menstrual cramps, * sinus problems, * sprains,PrecautionsAcupressure is a safe technique, but it is not meantto replace professional health care.Acupressure shouldnot be applied to open wounds, or where there is swelling and inflammation. Areas of scar tissue, blisters,boils, rashes, or varicose veins should be avoided.AromatherapyDefinitionAromatherapy is the therapeutic use of plant-derived,aromatic essential oils to promote physical andpsychological well-being. It is sometimes used in combinationwith massage and other therapeutic techniques as part of a holistic treatment approach.DescriptionIn aromatherapy, essential oils are carefully selectedfor their medicinal properties. As essential oils are absorbedinto the bloodstream through application to the skin or inhalation, their active components trigger certain pharmalogical effects (e.g., pain relief).BenefitsAromatherapy offers diverse physical and psychological benefits, depending on the essential oil or oil combination and method of application used. to treat conditions such as * Gastrointestinaldiscomfort * Skin conditions * Stress-related conditions * Mood disorders * Circulatory problems, * Respiratory infections * Wounds.etcSide effectsSide effects vary by the type of essential oil used.Citrus-based essential oils can cause heightened sensitivityto sunlight.Oils can also cause contact dermatitis, an allergic reaction characterized by rednessand irritationDEFINITION-The term yoga comes from a Sanskrit word that means yoke or union. Traditionally, yoga is a method joining the individual self with the Divine.It is believed that this Describes union between the mind and body Descriptionexercises are designed to help achieve this goal, alsocalled self-transcendence or enlightenment. On the physical level, yoga postures, called asanas, are designed to tone, strengthen, and align the body. These posture are performed to make the spine supple and healthyand to promote blood flow to all the organs, glands, and tissues, keeping all the bodily systems healthy. On the mental
The Term Paper on Community Health Practice
Community Description and Data Interpretation Pueblo, Colorado, also known as “The Home of the Heroes”, was given this proclamation in 1993 by the United States Congress, due to Pueblo having as many as four recipients of the “Medal of Honor” living here in the community. Pueblo dates back as far as 1842, and was known as “Fort Pueblo” (History of Pueblo). Over the years, Pueblo became the “ ...
The Term Paper on Mind Body Effects Of Hypnosis
The Methodology of Therapeutic Processes of the Mind and Their Effect on the Body The mind has an incredible power. We see it as we go through our everyday activities, constantly displaying the wonders of logic, thought, memory and creativity. Yet, can the mind be more powerful than we know? Is it possible to reduce or even eliminate pain, illness and disease by using the natural powers it ...
level, yoga uses breathing techniques (pranayama) and
meditation (dhyana) to quiet, clarify, and discipline the mindBenefits Yoga has been used to alleviate problems associated with :- * high blood pressure, * high cholesterol, * migraineheadaches, * asthma, * shallow breathing, * backaches, * constipation, * diabetes, * multiple sclerosis, * varicose veins, and many chronic illnesses. It also has been studied and approved for its ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress.
PreparationsYoga can be performed by those of any age and condition, although not all poses should be attempted by everyone. Yoga is also a very accessible form of exercise all that is needed is a flat floor surface large enough to stretch out on, a mat or towel, and enough overhead space to fully raise the arms. It is a good activity for those who cannot go to gyms, who do not like other forms of exercise, or have very busy schedules. Yoga should be done on an empty stomach, and teachers recommend waiting three or more hours after meals. Loose and comfortable clothing should be worn.Side Effects and Risks YOGA IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED TO BE SAFE IN HEALTHY PEOPLE WHEN
practiced appropriately. Studies have found it to be well tolerated, with few side effects. PEOPLE WITH CERTAIN MEDICAL CONDITIONS SHOULD NOT USE SOME yoga practices. For example, people with disk disease of the
spine, gluacoma
severe osteoporosis,
should avoid some inverted poses. ALTHOUGH YOGA DURING PREGNANCY IS SAFE IF PRACTICED UNDER Ex-pert guidance, pregnant women should avoid certain poses that may be problematic. MeditationDefinitionMeditation is a practice of concentrated focus upon a sound, object, visualization, the breath, movement, or attention itself in order to increase awareness of the present moment, reduce stress, promoterelaxation, and enhancepersonal and spiritual growth.Most types of meditation have four elements in common: A quiet location: Meditation is usually practiced in a quiet place with as few distractions as possible. This can be particularly helpful for beginners. A specific, comfortable posture:Depending on the type being practiced, meditation can be done while sitting, standing,but it should be comfortableA focus of attention: Focusing one’s attention is usually a part of meditation. For example, the meditator may focus on a mantra (a specially chosen word or set of words), an object, or the sensations of the breath. Some forms of meditation involve paying attention to whatever is the dominant content of consciousness. An open attitude: Having an open attitude during meditation means letting distractions come and go naturally without judging TYPES OF MEDITATION 1Concentration meditation 2 Mindfullness meditation Concentration meditation practices involve focusing attention on a single object. Objects of meditation can include the breath, or a sound, word, or phrase that is repeated silently (mantra).The purpose of concentrative practices is to learn to focus one’s attention or develop concentration. When thoughtsor emotions arise, the meditator gently directs the mind back to the original object of concentration.Mindfulness meditation practices involve becoming aware of the entire field of attention. The meditator is instructed to be aware of all thoughts, feelings, perceptions, or sensations as they arise in each moment. Mindfulness meditation practices are enhanced by the meditator’s ability to focus and quiet the mind.BenifitsPeople use meditation for various health problems, such as the following: * ANXIETY * PAIN * DEPRESSION * STRESS * INSOMNIA * PHYSICAL OR EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS THAT MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSES SUCH AS HEART DISEASE 0F HUMAN Immunodeficiency syndrome/acquired immunodeficiency synDROME= AND CANCER AND THEIR TREATMENTMeditation is also used for overall wellness. Side effectsThere are no reported side effects from meditation except for positive benefits.ReikiDefinition REIKI IS A HEALING PRACTICE THAT ORIGINATED IN JAPAN REIKI Practitioners place their hands lightly on or just above the person receiving treatment, with the goal of facilitating the person’s own healing RESPONSE . . Reiki session- IN A REIKI SESSION THE CLIENT LIES DOWN OR SITS COMFORTABLY FULLY clothed. The practitioner’s hands are placed lightly on or just above THE CLIENT S BODY PALMS DOWN USING A SERIES OF 12 TO 15 DIFFERENT HAND positions. Each position is held for about 2 to 5 minutes, pain.USESPEOPLE USE REIKI FOR RELAXATION STRESS REDUCTION AND SYMPTOM RELIEF IN EFFORTS TO IMPROVE OVERALL HEALTH AND WELL BEING REIKI HAS BEEN USED BY PEOPLE WITH ANXIETY CHRONIC PAIN HUMAN immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome], and other health conditions, as well as by people recovering from surgery OR EXPERIENCING SIDE EFFECTS FROM CANCER TREATMENTS 2EIKI HAS ALSO BEEN given to people who are dying (and to their families and caregivers) to help impart a sense of peace. Side effectsReiki generally has no side effects, as it is a verylow-impact and gentle procedure. Some receivers report feeling tingling or sensations of heat or cold during treatment. Others have reported sadness or anxietyduring treatment,Therapeutic touchDefinitionTherapeutic touch, or TT, is a noninvasive method of healing derived from an ancient laying-on of hands technique. In TT, the practitioner alters the patient’s energy field through a transfer of energy from the hands of the practitioner to the patient.Benefits * Major are-Relaxation * Pain reduction * Nausea * Tension * Migraine etcSide effectsThe side effects reported occur when an excess of
The Term Paper on Health Care 2
... protocols for involving appropriate professional health care expertise for individuals All clients are entitled to good ... health benefits are offered, absence levels are lowered. These benefits included nutritional advice, health/fitness coaching, private healthcare insurance, health screenings and healthy eating facilities. ... a particular person or persons then a referral should be made for action to ...
The Essay on Client Needs And Services Paper
Introduction I have been asked to explain how human service delivery settings are influenced by evolving client needs and how client services are changing due to trends in technology. In earlier days institutions were located in rural and remote places so that society members did not have to be reminded that people had disabilities. (Woodside, 2011). In the past, a lot of people who were ...
energy enters the body for an extended period of time
creating restlessness, irritability, and hostility, or increasing anxiety and pain.Juice therapyDefinitionJuice therapy involves the consumption of the juice of raw fruit or vegetables. A person may drink juice preventively to stay healthy, to treat a medical condition like cancer, or to produce a certain outcome, such as strengthening the immune systemBenefits-Juices are valuable in relief of * Hypertension * Cardiovascular kidney disease and obesity2) good results have been obtained in treatment of peptic ulcers3) high buffering capacities of the juice reveal that they are very valuable in the treatment of hyperchlorhydria(excessive production of HCL acid in stomach.)Side effect -noMusic therapyDefinitionMusic therapy is a technique of complementarymedicine that uses music prescribed in a skilled manner by trained therapists. DESCRIPTIONPrograms are designed to help patients overcome physical, emotional, intellectual, and social challenges. Applications range from improving the well being of geriatric patients in nursing homes to loweringthestress level .Musictherapy is used in many settings, including schools, rehabilitation centers , hospital ,nursing homes.PrecautionsPatients making use of music therapy should notdiscontinue medications or therapies prescribed by other health providers without prior consultation.HydrotherapyDefinitionHydrotherapy, or water therapy, is the use of water (hot, cold, steam, or ice) to relieve discomfort and promote physical well-being.OriginsThe therapeutic use of water has a long history. Ruins of an ancient bath were unearthed in Pakistan and date as far back as 4500 B.C. Bathhouses were an essential part of ancient Roman culture. The use of steam, baths, and aromatic massage to promote well being is documented since the first century. Roman physicians Galen and Celsus wrote of treating patients with warm and cold baths in order to prevent diseaseBenefitsHydrotherapy can soothe sore or inflamed muscles
and joints, rehabilitate injured limbs, lower fevers, soothe headaches, promote relaxation, treat burns and frostbite, ease labor pains, and clear up skin problems.
The temperature of water used affects the therapeutic
properties of the treatment. Hot water is chosen for its
relaxing properties. It is also thought to stimulate the immune system. Tepid water can also be used for stress reduction, and may be particularly relaxing in hot weather.
Cold water is selected to reduce inflammation. Alternating hot and cold water can stimulate the circulatory sys-
tem and improve the immune system. Adding herbs and
essential oils to water can enhance its therapeutic value.
Steam is frequently used as a carrier for essential oils
that are inhaled to treat respiratory problems.SIDE EFFECTS- The most serious possible side effect of hydrotherapy is overheating, which may occur when an individual spends too much time in a hot tub or Jacuzzi. However, when properly supervised, this is a minimal risk.REFERRAL SYSTEMDefinition A referral can be defined as a process in which a health worker at a one level of the health system, having insufficient resources (drugs, equipment, skills) to manage a clinical condition, seeks the assistance of a better or differently resourced facility at the same or higher level to assist in, or take over the management of, the client’s case. Key reasons for deciding to refer either an emergency or routine case include: * to seek expert opinion regarding the client * to seek additional or different services for the client * to seek admission and management of the client * to seek use of diagnostic and therapeutic tools An effective referral system ensures a close relationship between all levels of the health system and helps to ensure people receive the best possible care closest to home. It also assists in making cost-effective use of hospitals and primary health care services. Support to health centres and outreach services by experienced staff from the hospital or district health office helps build capacity and enhance access to better quality care. In many developing countries, a high proportion of clients seen at the outpatient clinics at secondary facilities could be appropriately looked after at primary health care centres at lower overall cost to the client and the health system. A good referral system can help to ensure: * Clients receive optimal care at the appropriate level and not unnecessarily costly * Hospital facilities are used optimally and cost-effectively * Clients who most need specialist services can accessing them in a timely way * Primary health services are well utilized and their reputation is enhancedBeing a system, examination of a referral system requires consideration of all its parts. These can be adjusted as relevant to the local situation. The design and functioning of a referral system in any individual country will be influenced by: * health systems determinants: capabilities of lower levels; availability of specialized personnel; training capacity; organizational arrangements; cultural issues, political issues, and traditions * general determinants, such as: population size and density; terrain and distances between urban centres; pattern and burden of disease; demand for and ability to pay for referral careComponents of a referral system 1. Health System a. Service providers (public and private sector) and quality of care i. Strengthened primary health care services ii. Clarity of level and role of each facility iii. Availability of protocols of care for conditions for each level of facility iv. Availability of communication and transport b. Performance expectations v. Expectation to refer appropriately and follow protocols of care vi. Expectations that health workers and clients adhere to the referral discipline vii. Regular supervision and capacity building c. Involvement of organizations viii. Ministry of Health ix. Medical and nursing schools x. Medical and nursing professional associations 2. Initiating facility d. The client and their condition e. Protocol of care for that condition at that level of service f. Treat and stabilize client – document treatment provided g. Decision to refer 3. Referral practicalities h. Outward referral form i. Communication with receiving facility (make arrangements as appropriate) j. Information to the client and their family/support network xi. Reasons and importance of referral, risks of non-referral xii. How to get to the receiving facility – location and transport xiii. Who to see and what is likely to happen xiv. Follow-up on return k. Empathy – understanding of implications for client and family/support network xv. Overall fear xvi. Cost of transport, treatment and family accommodation l. Referral register to monitor follow-up and gather statistics 4. Receiving Facility m. Anticipate arrival and receive client and referral form n. Provide care – document treatment provided o. Plan rehabilitation or follow-up with client and family/support network p. Back referral form q. Feedback to initiating facility on appropriateness of referral r. Referral register to monitor follow-up and gather statistics 5. Supervision and capacity building s. Monitor outward and back referrals xvii. Number and appropriateness of referrals – compliance with protocols xviii. Quality of documentation xix. Consistency of follow-up t. Provide feedback, support and training for health staff u. Provide feedback to central level TERMS-In this paper, the facility that starts the referral process is called the initiating facility, and they prepare an outward referral to communicate the client condition and status. The facility that accepts the referred case is called the receiving facility and at the end of their involvement, they prepare a back referral on the lower part of the forms to let the initiating facility know what has been done. This completes the referral loop between the 2 facilities. A referral register is a means of maintaining a list of all outward and inward referrals for one facility or service provider . Information registered includes client referred, to where, when and why, whether the case is closed or continuing (the retuning referral form has been received with any necessary rehabilitation or follow-up), and whether it was an appropriate referral or if there were any issues.Some areas maintain a directory of services that lists all organizations providing specialist care. Such a directory can facilitate the search for the most appropriate service provider for a particular referral. Where such a directory is used, it is important that the contact information is kept up-to-date.These terms are not hard and fast, but are used here to assist clarity of description. The referral system in your country might use different terms.Description of components of the referral system 6. Health system issues v. Service providers (public and private) and quality of care For a referral system to work at its best, relationships between service providers are formalized and referral procedures agreed. All levels of the health system, including primary health care services, need to be functioning appropriately. This includes each facility: * being clear about their role, responsibilities and limitations * having readily available protocols of care for conditions for that level of service * having suitable means of communication and transport. Communication is generally by the referral form but may in addition be by radio, phone or fax. Where government is unable to provide an ambulance for health centres, a community-based system of organizing transport may sometimes be possible. Clients’ bypassing lower level services is a common problem which leads to overcrowding of higher level facilities. Improvement in resource availability and quality of care at the lower levels is the first priority – it is essential to strengthen primary health care services to make them attractive and credible in the eyes of clients. In overcrowded hospital out[patient departments, queuing systems can be designed to separate and fast-track referred clients, while explaining to those who bypass their primary services why they have to wait longer (but emergencies and very serious cases should always be seen promptly).
In addition, penalty fees charged to those who arrive at higher level facilities without a referral letter or other clear indication of necessity may also help to kerb unnecessary use of these expensive facilities. In urban areas, having primary and secondary services in separate (but proximate) locations enables rigorous enforcement of the referral only policy at the secondary facilities. Intensive public communication and education is essential to inform the public how, where and when they should seek health care at different levels and to build their confidence that lower level facilities really can offer acceptable quality care when they need it. w. Performance expectations and involvement of organizations A referral system will function effectively if all service providers are expected to adhere to the referral discipline, to refer appropriately, and to follow the agreed protocols of care (where this system applies).
It is the role of the supervising organization and facility supervisors to monitor referral statistics and to provide feedback as appropriate. The national health authorities (e.g. Ministry of Health) must expect the supervisors to regularly take action to ensure that the referral system progressively improves. To achieve this level of consistent professional performance also requires appropriate education at medical and nursing schools and involvement of medical and nursing professional associations in setting standards for the referral processes. 7. Initiating facility x. When a client visits the health centre, it is important that the health worker attends to them promptly, treats them with respect, privacy and confidentiality, acknowledging their cultural beliefs, and identify their needs. y. If protocols of care are used in this country, the health workers need to have ready access to, and be very familiar with, the agreed regional or national protocols for that level of facility. Protocols need to include likely circumstances for referral and details of the information and documents that should be sent with the client. z. The health workers assess the client, gather relevant information and provide any necessary care possible at that facility. In an emergency situation, the health worker must maintain all vital functions and minimize any further damage. {. Making the decision to refer the client comes after the health worker has gathered and analyzed the relevant information using the protocol of care as a guide. Deciding to refer does not mean that the health worker is inadequate or bad. 8. Referral practicalities |. A referral form that is standardized throughout the network of service providers ensures that the same essential information is provided whenever a referral is initiated (see sample tool 1).
The referral form is designed to facilitate communication in both directions – the initiating facility completes the top part or the outward referral. Every patient referred out should be accompanied by a written record of the clinical findings, any treatment given before referral and specific reasons for making the referral. The referral form should accompany the client (often carried by them) and give a clear designation of to which facility the patient is being sent. A carefully filled referral card cab help the client get timely attention at the receiving facility. }. In some situations it will be possible and necessary to communicate with the receiving facility to make an appointment or other arrangements for the referral, or to let them know of the pending arrival of an emergency case. If the client is very ill, it might be necessary for a health worker to accompany them to the receiving facility. ~. The decision to refer might be frightening or distressing for the client and their family so it is important that the health workers have empathy and give the client relevant information such as: xx. Reasons and importance of the referral, risks associated with not going xxi. How to get to the receiving facility – location and transport xxii. Who to see and what is likely to happen xxiii. The process of follow-up on their return . Health workers can show empathy in understanding the implications of referral for the client and their family or support network. The client may be: xxiv. frightened of the unknown, frightened of becoming more ill or even dying xxv. concerned about meeting the costs of transport, treatment and family accommodation xxvi. concerned about leaving work that needs to be done . Each facility in the network should have a referral register to keep track of all the referrals made and received. Information from the register is used to monitor referral patterns and trends. A standardized referral register used throughout the network of service providers can facilitate this (see sample tool 2).
9. Receiving Facility . If forewarned, the receiving facility can anticipate the arrival and receive the client with their referral form. They will use the information sent on the referral form to begin a thorough assessment of the client and begin management of the case. . The receiving facility will use its particular resources to provide the client high quality care and maintain documentation according to agreed standards. . As the client progresses the receiving facility will plan the rehabilitation or follow-up programme with client and their family or support network. . When the client’s care has finished at the higher level facility, back referral to the original facility is important. The receiving facility completes the lower part of the referral form (see sample tool 1).
This communication contains information on special investigations, findings, diagnosis and treatment given by the higher level facility as well as follow up expected from the lower level facility. The back referral can be delivered by the client to the initiating facility, but may also be sent by fax or post. This communication not only assures proper patient care and follow up, but also provides continuing education to the initiating facility and their staff. The supervisor should check that back referral is received and, in its absence, pursue the relevant staff at the higher level facility to provide proper back referral information. . The receiving facility can also give feedback to the initiating facility on the appropriateness of referral. If there are any issues regarding the need for referral, timing, speed or information sent, then it is important that the higher level facility provides specific feedback to the initiating facility. This will assist the lower level facility to be more sure of referral processes in the future. . The receiving facility completes its own register of referrals in and out, from their perspective (see sample tool 2) 10. Supervision and capacity buildingFacility managers and supervisors at all levels should monitor all referrals made to and from facilities in their area each month. Usually between 5% and 10% of clients seen in a primary health care facility will be referred to a higher level for diagnostic services or more specialized care. Supervisors should discuss referred cases: * Identify those which should have been properly treated at the facility itself without referral * Identify cases which should have been referred but were handled locally * Check the back referrals received to determine whether the information is adequate and being acted upon by the facility * Follow up cases that have been referred but no feedback yet received to assure that the client has arrived at the higher level * Identify any issues regarding timing, promptness and completeness of information sentResults of this analysis can be covered at meetings with hospital and clinic staff together. As the issues are discussed, staff will identify what is needed to improve things – this might include clinical training or strengthening of particular parts of the referral system or its procedures. Facility managers and supervisors need to ensure that such items are followed-up and acted on. In-service education and capacity strengthening can be reinforced by good supervision. Long-term treatment of chronic illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, epilepsy and psychiatric illness can be managed at suitably resourced health centres – this assures not only high quality of care for the client, but also greater convenience and less burden on the client and the higher levels of the health system. 11. Continuous quality improvementThe referral system must be open to revision in the light of practical experience, and in order to meet the goals of the health system overall. Periodically, there may be need to analyze the functioning of the referral system, beyond looking at the statistical patterns and trends. The rapid appraisal methodology has been used to assess the status of and constraints to referral of severely ill children from first-level care to secondary and tertiary levels of care in Eritrea and Ghana (see Cervantes et al., 2003 in the list of references).
This methodology can be adapted to varying circumstances to examine the whole referral system for an entire region or country, or to focus in or particular specialties or locations of concern. Referral System ToolsThere are two sample tools on the following pages: * Sample tool 1: Referral form * Prepare one copy to send with the client, and keep one copy in the client notes. * Sample tool 2: Referral register * The register has a page for referrals made OUT from a facility and referrals received IN to a facility. * Information on back referral of clients referred out from the facility should be made on the same line as information regarding the original referral out. This facilitates follow-up. * Please also note, that the two referral registers have a column to indicate whether there is any problem regarding the appropriateness of the referral. Keeping track of this information will help identify if there are problems with referrals from a particular facility, or problems with referral of clients with particular conditions. Knowing this can help focus in-service and continuing education of health workers.These tools are in Microsoft Word, so that you can adjust them to your particular country situation.CONCLUSIONSo far we have discussed about various aspects of alternative health care systeman. Women are more likely than men to use CAM therapies; use appears to increase as education level increases; use patterns vary by race, depending on the type of CAM therapy considered; and those who use CAM generally use more than one CAM modality and do so in combination with conventional medical care What do patients and health professionals need to know to make good decisions about the use of health care interventions, including CAM? Of primary importance is determining that they are safe and effective.ASSIGNMENTYou have to find out the limitations of alternative medicineand referral system in india.BLACK BOARD PLAN Alternative syatems of health care and referral system-definition-domains of alternative medicine-types of alternative therapies-definition of referral system-determinants of referral system-components of referral system-conclusion | |
REFERENCES |
1. Suttonamyl.complementary and alternative therapies4th edition.healthreference series publishers;(1989)page293-3592.Gale .Encyclopedia of alternative medicine2nd editionthomson publications;(2000)page11-20,122-126,582-589,1128-1138,1405-1445-1452,1719-17253.www.wikipedia.com4.www.google.com/Alternative medicine5.www.WHO.comJournals1MaryAnn Libert.yoga and disc degenerative disease in cervical and lumbar spine:an MR imaging based case control study.journal of alternative medicineand complementary therapies.200357(2):47-51.2 | |
SELF EVALUATION | Introduces to topicAsk questionsExplains,ListenexplainsexplainsexplainsenlistedExplains,ListensexplainsexplainsExplains Explains,ListensexplainsenlistedExplains,ListensexplainsenlistedExplainsexplains,ListensexplainsexplainsExplains,ListensenlistedexplainsexplainsexplainsExplains,ListensenlistedexplainsExplainsExplains,listensExplainsExplains,listensexplainsExplainsExplains,listensEnlistedexplainsexplainsexplainsexplainsexplainsexpla
ins,listen and writesexplainsExplainsexplainsExplainsexplainsexplainsexplai
nsDictatesWrites on board | Refer 1,shows slidesRefer 2,show slidesRefer1, 2,shows slidesRefer 1 and 2show slidesRefer 1 and 2Refer1,2,shows slidesRefer 1,2,3show slidesRefer 1,3show slidesRefer 1 and 2,show slidesRefer 1, 2 and 3.Shows slidesRefer 2,4and show slidesRefer 2,show slidesRefer 1,2 show slidesRefer 5,show slidesRefer 5and show slides.Refer 5and show slidesRefer 5and show slidesRefer 5,show slidesRefer 5 and show slides |
