Bahrain
History
Bahrain has not always been an island. Up until around 6000 BC, Bahrain was part of the Arabian Peninsula before it began drifting away, drawn by the forces of nature. It would not be until 1986 that modern technology would rejoin the island with the mainland by way of the 25-kilometre King Fahad Causeway link to Saudi Arabia but that, as they say, is another story.
Dilmun:
The earliest recorded reference to Bahrain dates back to the third millennium BC, when it was known as Dilmun. The significance of the Dilmun era is not yet to fully known on us, but ongoing excavation work continues to reveal breathtaking secrets of the period.Recent digs have proved the existence of a very organised lifestyle, with well ordered roads, proper houses, workshops and a central marketplace.
Bahrain has not always been an island. Up until around 6000 BC, Bahrain was part of the Arabian Peninsula before it began drifting away, drawn by the forces of nature. It would not be until 1986 that modern technology would rejoin the island with the mainland by way of the 25-kilometre King Fahad Causeway link to Saudi Arabia but that, as they say, is another story.
Dilmun:
The earliest recorded reference to Bahrain dates back to the third millennium BC, when it was known as Dilmun. The significance of the Dilmun era is not yet to fully known on us, but ongoing excavation work continues to reveal breathtaking secrets of the period.Recent digs have proved the existence of a very organised lifestyle, with well ordered roads, proper houses, workshops and a central marketplace.For a long period thereafter Bahrain remained isolated, forced to depend on its own resources. It would not be until the early first millennium that Bahrain would flourish again, as part of the Assyrian Empire. Bahrain became an important pearling and fishing port, but the high quality and abundance of pearls in its waters attracted some unwelcome attention.
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Tylos:
By 600 BC, Bahrain was drawn into the expanding Babylonian empire. The Greeks, who called the island Tylos, soon began settling in Bahrain.Trade began to play an important part with the fall of Babylonia to the Persians – who now controlled much of the region between India and the Mediterranean – and by 323 BC, Bahrain regained its independence.
There followed a period of relative calm, up until the 15th century when the Europeans began exploring new sea trade routes.
Awal:
Bahrain was also known as Awal during that pre-Islamic era. The name is associated with a pagan idol worshipped by the Wael tribe. Bahrain:The islands first became known as Bahrain in the early Islamic era, when the name was used for the entire region stretching from Basra (Iraq) in the north to Oman in the south. By the early 1500’s, the Portuguese saw Bahrain as a key point to protect their trade routes between India, Africa and Europe.
They invaded the island and set up military base at the Bahrain Fort. The fort, which ironically had been used by the people of Bahrain to defend themselves against the Portuguese, was strengthened and new stone towers erected. Right up until today, the Bahrain Fort is widely known as the Portuguese Fort.
The Portuguese were however unable to protect the islands, which fell to the Persians in 1603. Then came a long period of turmoil, with Bahrain changing hands between the warring Persians and Arabs until it was finally conquered in 1783 by Shaikh Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa. Better known as Ahmed bin Mohamed Al Fateh, the conqueror, he was to usher in a start of a new and important era.
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During the 3d millennium BC, Bahrain (known in Sumerian as Dilmun) was already an important trade center, functioning as a transshipment point between Arabia and India. In the ancient world it was also famous for the pearling conducted in the waters surrounding the islands. Bahrain was ruled in the 16th cent. by Portugal and intermittently from 1602 to 1783 by Persia. The Persians were expelled by an Arabian family that established the presently ruling dynasty of sheikhs, the al-Khalifas. In 1861, Bahrain became a British protectorate.
Nearly a century later, demonstrations and strikes in the 1950s and 60s demanded greater popular participation in government. Iran claimed the islands in 1970 after the United Nations reported that the inhabitants desired independence. In 1971, after Britain withdrew from the Persian Gulf area, Bahrain became independent. Bahrain was a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in 1981, along with neighboring Persian Gulf countries, and it is also a member of the United Nations and the Arab League.
In the 1980s and 1990s relations with Qatar were strained by a dispute over the Hawar Islands and the large natural-gas resources of the Dome field (in the shallow sea between both countries).
In the late 1980s a causeway was built connecting Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. After the end of the Iran-Iraq War (1988), attempts were made to improve relations with Iran; persistent irritants to Iran were the poverty among Bahrain’s Shiite majority and the small Shiite representation in Bahrain’s cabinet. In the mid and late 1990s unrest among Bahrain’s Shiites has led to opposition protests and violence; the resoration of an elected parliament was one of the main demands. During the 1991 Persian Gulf War , coalition forces were allowed extensive use of Bahraini territory. In the spring of 1996 more than 50 people were arrested for involvement in what was said to be an Iranian-backed coup attempt.
Sheikh Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa, who had ruled since 1961, died in 1999; he was succeeded by his son, Sheikh Hamad bin Salman al-Khalifa. The new sheikh has moved slowly toward increased democracy for Bahrain. In February, 2000, a general amnesty was declared for imprisoned and exiled political dissidents, and that same month a new national charter was approved in a referendum.
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