The philosophy of social parity and deference for the human being within a society are the basic theme of democracy. Pakistan is also a democratic country where people’s participation in the politics has also great importance. “Political participation is an essential element of political system. Political participation varies from country to country. In countries, where the system either denies more participation or has no respect for it and people do not participate in it, the chances of political instability or revolution become bright.
Mcclosky says that political participation is a voluntary activity in policy-making, and a voluntary activity in selecting policy makers. Here, by policy-making, an indirect or direct influence over the policy-making. ”(Taheri, 2006).
The right of political participation refers to citizens’ right to seek to influence public affairs. Political participation can take many forms, the most notable of which is voting in elections, but also including joining a political party, standing as a candidate in an election, joining a non-governmental advocacy group, or participating in a demonstration.
Participation in its general form is “to take part in the conduct of public affairs”. Public affairs might include the activities of civic associations, neighborhood groups, social movements, and social clubs, as well as formal procedures of governments. Thus, although participants in public affairs must be citizens, the domain of action is not restricted to formal political institutions but also includes social activities of a public nature. The second form of participation is more specific “elections”.
The Term Paper on Comparative analysis of political participation
The change in political participation is currently a hotly discussed topic. Low turnouts in the 2001 and 2005 UK general elections, along with falling membership of political parties have led political organisations to discover the reasons for this (BBC, 2006). One method is to use comparative analysis. This “is about comparing aspects of countries’ political systems” (Dobson, 2005, p.140) to try ...
Elections are just one mode of public participation, but they are widely recognized and utilized. Elections are assigned a special importance for participation. (Klein, 2005).
The term ‘political participation’ usually refers to behavior like voting, campaigning, demonstrating, rioting, and the like. These modes of participation vary widely between distinct political systems and cultures, and between different points in time. (Van Deth, 1986).
Political participation varies from country to country.
There are some countries that encourage people’s participation in political affairs of the nation. Switzerland is a country where people enjoy extraordinary rights of political participation as they can ask the government to pass specific type of laws by giving them a form with a specific number of signatures of the masses and the government is bound to ponder on those suggestions but people of Pakistan don’t have such right. Forms of political participation There are two forms of political participation. Conventional politics and Contentious politics Conventional Politics
This refers to routine, institutional and regular forms of political action such as political parties and interest groups. Types of participation Usefully, there are seven types of participation: totally inactive, Voting specialists – involved only in elections, Parochial participants – concerned with personal issues only, Communalists – interest limited to local issues, Campaigners – participate in campaign activities such as to gather support for political candidate, Complete activists – engaged in all aspects of political life. Contentious Politics It refers to riots, rallies, mobs, marches and revolutions.
There are some similarities between conventional and contentious forms of participation: Well-administered coordinated by organizations, Regular and scheduled activities, Well-educated and most respected members of the society participate However, there are important differences since both forms of participation treat themselves, and are treated by the established authorities and institutions of the society in radically different ways: Contentious politics operates outside the normal institutional political boundaries; and participants feel that regular institutional channels have failed.
The Essay on Organizational Behavior Political Organization Politics
To help us understand organizations, we might consider them as political systems. The political metaphor helps us understand power relationships in day-to-day organizational relationships. If we accept that power relations exist in organizations, then politics and politicking are an essential part of organizational life. Politics is a means of recognizing and, ultimately, reconciling competing ...
Interestingly, once particular kinds of contentious politics become institutionalized and legitimate, they become conventional forms of political participation. (State and society: Political Participation) The people of Pakistan are either totally inactive or voting specialists – involved only in elections. They does not involve in the other forms of conventional politics. Biradarism The word ‘Biradari is derived from the Persian word ‘Biradar’ that means brother. Biradari has been taken as fraternity, kinship, lineage, family, class, group and society.
The offspring of ancestor belong to the same caste and the collection of castes is called Biradari which is the specific socio cultural unit within which caste rules are performed. (Ahmed, 2006).
Biradari can be defined as a rigid societal structure in which societal stratification is maintained generation after generation and there is less chance of mobility out of the position that was ascribed at one’s birth. Social status is ascribed with biradari, people belong to high biradari have higher social status and they can influence the public affairs more dominantly as compare to the people belonging to a lower biradari.
Biradari system has higher level of integration amongst its members. Biradari is a very complex phenomenon which deals with different aspects of social life. It guides its members about marriage; conflict, politics, and decision making etc. Biradari keep its members united and perform tasks collectively . Biradari gatherings at any occasion like marriage, death, decision making marks its strength and significance. Biradari has different types, Alvi has describe three types of biradari.
First, he describe biradari implies vertical ties of common descent as well as horizontal ties of brotherhood. ” In its most general meaning as a descent group, biradari includes, in all principles, all those between whom actual links of common descent can be traced in the paternal line regardless of the number of generations that have elapsed” Second form of biradari refers to the “biradari of recognition”, where genealogies are not always available and the population and limits of recognition of kin tie determine the boundary of biradari.
The Essay on Interest groups and political parties
Although they both serve as linkage institutions, interest groups and political parties have different goals in politics. The fundamental goal of interest groups is to influence legislative decisions and public policy by attempting to focus people’s attention on these topics or educate them on a certain issue or a small group of issues. They do this mostly by lobbying congressional committees at ...
Third type of biradari is “biradari of participation” emphasizes fraternal solidarity of the biradari of recognition who actually participate in a ritual exchange of gifts or reciprocity in rituals called “vartan bhanji” on certain ceremonial occasions. (Alavi, 1994).
Eglar defines biradari as patrilineage of all men who can trace their descent to a common ancestor an matter how remote. She also notes the other kinds of biradari groups who are non-kins such as those of zamindars (landlords) or kammis (village servant).
Eglar, 1960) In Pakistani society especially in province Punjab biradari has its own significance not only in individual’s life but also in group life. Biradari is a vast term it consist of many castes and sub castes. Those who belong to same castes form a biradari. Caste is the name of the collection of some families. Castes are further divided into sub-castes—Bajwa, Cheema, Tararr, Kahlon, Chohaan. These sub-castes are more important to their impact on daily lives of people of Punjab (Ammadi, 1999).
Historical Background of Biradarism
The present caste system finds its marks in the age of Aryans (1600. B. C) The Aryans inherit their caste system to Muslim rulers and in their regime the status of nobility was given to Arabs, Iranian, Afghanis and Mughals race in Muslim nation as it was given to the Aryans. Baba Guru Nanak tried to weaken the caste system but caste distinction had intertwined the Sikhs completely especially in the era of Sikh ruler Ranjeet Singh (1799 -1839).
British ruler strengthens the caste system and used it to enhance their political strength in sub continent.
The main task of colonial administration was to find out local influential individuals and Biradaries in order to gain their favor. The English attitude of controlling Punjab politically became the cause of Biradarism. Andrew R. Wilder draws the picture of this attitude in the following words: “Colonial policies that distinguished and discriminated along the basis of caste and Biradari, such as the Land Alienation Act of 1900, served to reinforce their political importance. Biradari considerations were also taken into account by colonial administrators while drawing district and sub-district administrative boundaries.
The Essay on Negative Campaigning During Political Elections
Negative Campaigning During Political Elections Like most good ideas Television coverage of elections started out innocent and innovative. But in the years since its creation television has slowly eroded the foundation of our unique election process. It has turned a sacred tradition and reduced it to a pathetic sideshow. Inspiring election speeches have been whittled away to sound bites. The dream ...
These were often designed to create local strongholds for landed elites and tribes and Biradari leaders who were co-opted to maintain political stability in their areas of control”. (1999) Roles of Biradari Role of biradari is that of leading in our lives. In Pakistan biradari system is very strong especially in province Punjab. Biradari is just like a group and it has same functions as the group itself has. Benne, Sheats (1948) has divided the group roles into three categories. Task Roles Task roles include certain roles such as initiating, information seeking, information sharing, summarizing, evaluating and guiding.
In its first role that is of initiating the group defines its main problem, give suggestions to solve it and assign task to several members of the group. Biradari as a group also perform above mentioned functions, it helps its members in identifying what the problem is and through its gatherings it determine the solution of the problem by the suggestions of its members, It also assigns tasks to its members. The biradari plays the role of summarizing and reviewing the point of view of other biradari members, makes common understanding of the problem and ready its members to take practical steps to solve the problem.
Among task roles the biradari guides its other member to keep them on one track. Relationship Roles Group has some relationship roles so does the biradari. Its first role is to harmonize the interpersonal conflicts and try to reduce the tension among biradari members. Biradari plays the role of encouraging, supporting and praising its members. Biradari plays the role of gate keeping by assuring even participation by all biradari members, making sure that every one has a chance to be heard and that no individual dominates. Dysfunctional Roles
While playing functional roles a biradari plays some dysfunctional roles as well. Biradari acts as dominating one, forcing its views on others. Some time biradari plays its role as blocking its members, stubbornly obstructing and impeding group work and continuously act in a negative way. Another dysfunctional role of biradari is that of attacking others and creates a hostile or intimidate environment. Some times biradari plays the role of distracting its member by engaging in irrelevant behaviors. Biradarism and political participation
The Essay on The Impact of Internet on Political and Social Participation
The advent of internet has brought with it many changes in the social, economic and political lives of people around the world (Bimber, 2001). Although history tells us that citizens have been participating in their political and social systems before technology was invented, however, there is evidence to suggest that the Internet has an important impact and offers new venues for people to ...
Caste affects the political behavior and values of the leaders which influence the electoral process in following ways: First, political parties often choose candidate for constituencies on the basis of the castes which have much influence in the constituency. Second, People of one caste are motivated by vote for a candidate of same caste. Thirdly, Further in selecting the candidate caste is taken as one of the factors for consideration. Fourthly, when a single caste group does not get much support, it forms alliances with other groups against the major groups in society.
There are three stages in the relation between caste and politics as specified by Rajani Kothari: Table 1. 1 |Stage 1 |The politicization of powerful elite caste, usually one which responded earlier to the opportunities for | | |western education | |Stage 2 |Multi-caste and multi-functional alignments develop. Lower castes are often brought into support high caste| | |leaders and to strengthen them. |Stage 3 |At this stage the structure of particularistic loyalties has been overlaid by a more sophisticated system | | |of social and political participation with cross cutting factors) | (Table showing the process ……………) (Bhuyan, 1999).
Biradarism and politics of Pakistan Biradarism plays its vital role in the political scenario of Pakistan. Biradarism is main component of social culture of Punjab which has very deep impacts on political alignments of the people of Punjab.
This factor gained more significance in the era of non-political governments. (Ahmed, 2007).
Since independence biradarism is playing an important role especially in the politics of province Punjab. In the very beginning some biradaris take strong hold in the politics of Punjab that the political parties seems to be divided with reference to the biradaris not on behalf of their ideology. Conditions become so that political parties gave their tickets to biradaris not to any specific individual even the head of a district government was chosen on the basis of biradari. In northern Punjab, Rajput Biradari is dominant one.
Jatts have leading role in central Punjab and sharing its southern area as well. Arians are sharing in central Punjab while Balochs are dominating in southern Punjab. (Ahmed, 2007).
The Essay on Political Parties 3
In most political environment of the world, the issue of attracting increased voters is critical to the development of any political party. Most party candidates run progressive and aggressive political campaign in other to win more voters. Political parties around the world device various means of increasing their chances of winning elections. A very good example is the just concluded United ...
Saboohi (1990) in her research discourse concludes “the political parties kept in view the power of the Biradari of the candidate in spite of loyalty with party. ” (Saboohi, 1990).
After the separation of East Pakistan local bodies elections were conducted in 1979 on non party bases. These elections enhance the influence of biradarism in politics as well as in the local bodies’ election of 1983, 85.
In local bodies’ election, usually elections are won on the basis of your family strength and your social relationships. Biradari is the collection of certain families and their social relationships are utilized during elections. Wilder writes about these elections: “Local identities and local issues became the substance of Punjab politics. Political loyalties were increasingly determined by family, faction, and Biradari ties, and political power was determined by the amount of patronage at one’s disposal…The political role of Biradaries, which had been virtually eliminated in the 1970 elections, again increased in Pakistani politics.
And MNAs were converted into glorified councilors, whose days were spent not dealing with national issues, but with writing chits to get their constituents a job or into a hospital, or a Thana” (Wilder, 1999).
Aabida Ismaail concludes that the non party elections have been contested in Punjab on the basis of personal, Biradari and local level. (Ismaail, 1991).
Patan Development Organization Islamabad has produced the results based upon the election behavior that many people said that they caste the votes to Biradari.
The cause of different results in the elections of national and provincial assembly is that the people cast votes on the basis of Biradari. The ratio of casting vote to Biradari in the elections of local government was 50% and the percentage of vote casting to the candidates of Biradari was 23% in the elections of national and provincial assemblies. (Ahmed, 2004).
The political history of Pakistan clearly tells us that local body’s election and non party base election increases the authority of biradaris in politics. Candidates fought election with the help of their biradaris.
Biradari unites the families and they work together to win the election and they all use their resources in election campaign. Ideally speaking a person who has the abilities but he don’t have enough resources to carry on his election campaign the whole biradari will work with him; share their resources so that he may win the election. Biradari involves its each and every member in election campaign even female members play their role during elections. Research Question Is their any relationship of biradarism with political participation exists? Objectives
The main objectives of this research are as follow: • To find out the operational mechanism, how the structure of Biradari influence the political participation of people. • To explore the indigenous perspective about the role of biradari in political participation. Rationale of the study The right to political participation refers to citizens’ right to seek to influence public affairs. Political participation can take many forms, the most notable of which is voting in elections. In its general sense political participation means to take part in the public affairs regarding political issues (Klein, 2005).
Political participation is a process through which people can raise their voices in the affairs of government, through which they can fight for their own concerns or it is a process in which members of the society take part in the affairs of the state which have influence on their lives. One of the most important forms of political participation is voting in elections. By General elections people choose their representatives at provincial as well as at national levels. These representatives further select the senate members, prime minister of the country and, the president.
So those elective representatives selected by the voting of the general public have to play an important role in the further selection of administrative and legislative machinery of the country. The administrative and legislative machinery plays very pivotal role in decision making and policy making processes which in turns effects the general public directly and indirectly, who selects them. So the general people have a very important role in shaping up their own fates, they can decide their own destiny by their appropriate voting choices.
There are many factors and sectors which affects the election processes and voting choices of the masses, like feudalism, sectarianism, ethnic differences, and political party’s election mottos. But one of the important among those factors is “Biradarism” especially in respect of the Punjab province. In Punjab province biradari is a very strong social grouping and candidates of a specific biradari wins election again and again. Biradaries have their own customs and traditions, and specific norms and values according to their social settings.
Biradari is a social structure in which collective actions are being taken by its members. People are so much bounded to their biradari that they neither violate nor allow any one to violate their biradari’s rules. In our society out of biradari marriage is usually not appreciated and is not allowed most of the time. Biradari makes certain decisions and its members have to accept them. During elections it is the biradari which decides to whom they have to vote and support. Once the decision is made it cannot be changed and violated. If some one tries to deviate from biradari’s decisions he has to face strong opposition.
Biradaries organize gatherings of its members to decide on different issues like, about voting choices of the masses. Biradari has a very profound significance due to its strong social settings and influential capacity. In this research, the researcher wanted to know that is there any relationship between the biradari and political participation? If yes then what kind of relationship this is? Is the biradari effect the political participation? The focus of researcher is a setting where it is assumed that there is strong biradari system and the candidate of a single biradari is wining the general election over and over again .
The researcher wants to know the perception of people regarding the relationship between biradari and electoral process. Significance of the study The present study has focused on the Biradarism and Political Participation and the interrelationships between these two. It has highlighted the operational mechanism of biradarism and the level of adherence to biradari with relative political participation. The significance of political participation in terms of policy making and decision making is very vital all over the civilized World.
Almost all the democracies of the world are promoting large scale political participation by the masses assuring the provision of one of the basic human right of freedom of choice and expression. Although Pakistan is also a democracy but the situation here is different as compare to other countries of the World due to various hindrances like military interventions and immaturity of the political parties. Immaturity of the political infrastructure has provided space to some other factors to gain the importance in political participation process, like biradarism.
The study will find out the role of biradarism in political participation in Punjab. Concisely following is the significance of this study: This study will enable the future researchers to find out the other aspects of biradarism and political participation by using the findings of this research. The results of this study can be generalized to the all rural community of Punjab. This study might be helpful to policy makers and other officials who are promoting political participation.
This study will be an addition to the existing body of knowledge on this issue. Chapter 2 Literature Review The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate a familiarity with the body of knowledge and establish credibility, to show the path of prior researches and the link of the present topic to it. It has also a purpose to integrate and summarize what is already known in the related field. (Neumann, 1994).
The empirical literature taken by researcher is based on primary Data includes, research journals, books, articles, research reports and internet.
Bhuyan in his book mentioned that caste affects the political behavior and values of the leaders which influence electoral process in following ways, political parties often choose candidates for constituencies on the basis of the castes which have much influence in the constituency. People of one caste are motivated by vote for a candidate of same caste. Further in selecting the candidates caste was taken as of the factor for consideration. When a single caste group does not get much support, it forms alliances with other groups against the major groups in society. He has described the relationship between caste and politics.
He relate the caste with different political processes like local politics, voting, communal consideration, election campaign, political discussion, party membership, parliament election, and meeting of village council etc. (Bhuyan, 2006).
Ahmed has conducted a research on the role of Biradarism in Punjab politics. He used historical, analytical, and comparative approach to analyze the Biradarism as the main component of social culture of Punjab politics and the overall effects of the biradari based politics on the output of political process in Punjab. He had also analyzed the power of major biradaries in Punjab politics.
It also had discussed the detailed feature of Biradaries in terms of, the origin of the caste, its history, caste as a social factor rather than a religious factor, difference between caste and biradari. Caste is being defined as a socio-economic setup while biradari is a kinship group. He described the role of Sultans, Sikhs and British rulers in the promotion of biradarism in Punjab. He found that biradarism is existed in the Muslims of Sub-continent particularly in the Punjab. He has discovered that following biradaries have strong hold in Punjab politics: Jatts, Rajputs, Arians, Gujjars, Syeds and Baloches.
He fined out that localization of politics has increased the importance of biradarism. The non-party elections strengthened the biradarism and no candidate can win without the help of major biradari in the villages of landowners. He concluded that the biradari loyalty fixes the political behavior of voters. (Ahmed, 2007).
Karim in his article, he had discussed the overall situation of four national and eight provincial assembly constituencies of the district Bahawalnagar and strong holds of various biradaries and their success ratio. He had mentioned various factors which affects the electoral process.
According to his findings the main factors which have eroded affiliations to ideologies and parties are dominance of biradarism and intra-parties rivalries. (Karim, 2002).
Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, Jones, in their book they have described the term political participation and have given the reasons why people don’t cast their votes and why they feel hesitation to participate in the political activities, they also give the reasons of low turnout in the elections and the factors that effect the people who caste vote including income, education, race, age, gender, and area of residence. (Roskin et al, 2007).
Alavi, in his research book describe certain types of biradari. First he describe biradari implies vertical ties of common descent as well as horizontal ties of brotherhood. He says that in its most general meaning as a descent group, biradari includes, in all principles, all those between whom actual links of common descent can be traced in the paternal line regardless of the number of generations that have elapsed. Biradari refers to the “biradari of recognition”, where genealogies are not always available and the population and limits of recognition of kin tie determine the boundary of biradari.
Biradari of participation emphasizes fraternal solidarity of the biradari of recognition who actually participate in a ritual exchange of gifts or reciprocity in rituals called “vartan bhanji” on certain ceremonial occasions. (Alavi, 1994).
Eglar defines biradari as patrilineage of all men who can trace their descent to a common ancestor an matter how remote. She also notes the other kinds of biradari groups who are non-kins such as those of zamindars (landlords) or kammis (village servant).
She pointed out that the biradari consolidates at events such as birth, circumcision, marriage, sickness, and death.
At these occasions all the biradari comes together . She also talks about things like prestige related to the fact that all members should get along with one another. Solidarity is also an important component as well as collective honor and security which are an important attributive, related to the support given by the members of the biradari. (Eglar, 1964).
Ammadi, Biradari plays an important role in ones life. In Pakistani society especially in province Punjab biradari has its own significance not only in individual’s life but also in group life.
Biradari is a vast term it consist of many castes and sub castes. Those who belong to same castes form a biradari. Caste is the name of the collection of some families. Castes are further divided into sub-castes—Bajwa, Cheema, Tararr, Kahlon, Chohaan. These sub-castes are more important to their impact on daily lives of people of Punjab. (Ammadi, 1999).
Upadhyay, in this article, the writer has described that combination of castes, religions, and regional groups are emerging simply for the sake of power. These emergence are due to the British policies of the past when they ruled Indo-Pak sub-continent .
They have used the divisive design of politics and promoted casteism, sectism and conflicts among the masses for the lengthening of their rule in the area. After the independence leaders who were earlier identified with freedom movement continued the same policy and they started exploiting the religious, caste, language and sectarian sentiments. He concluded that looking behind the electoral history of the country; it is found that political leaders instead of strengthening the country are gradually weakening it for the sake of sharing political power by dividing the society n the base of religion, caste and sect etc. The writer has written this article in the context of India but it also fits to the situation of the Pakistan because of the same past. (Upadhyay, 1999).
Kardar, he stated that although the Constitution of Pakistan bestows a host of rights in all citizens, for the vast majority these rights exist only on paper. The common lament in this case is that creating rights is one thing, implementing them and enabling people to secure and exercise these rights is quite another.
Used in this sense, the concept of empowerment seems to involve the building up of the economic, social and political capability of all segments of society, including, above all, the marginalized and less organized groups and social classes, since not only are there deep-rooted inequalities of income and wealth (with over one-third of the population living below the poverty line), inequalities are also built into the traditional structure of society based on gender, religion and ethnic background.
One reason for the nature and scale of the problem is the weak rooting of the concepts of civil, political and social rights in our social order. These concepts are relatively new for both society and politics. Within the prevailing social order individual freedoms have traditionally been subordinate to group or community rights. The building blocks of our social order have been groups as opposed to individuals as autonomous entities and agents and the relationship between the individual and society is largely mediated through the biradari, tribe, family or the community. Kardar, 1999).
Yasmeen, in her dissertation she has given the historical perspective of the communal division in Punjab and its consequent impact on the politics, the underlying objective of this paper is to analyze the political developments in Punjab to take stock of the impact of the various reforms brought by the British Government and examine the role of different political parties in fuelling communal hatred for their narrow vested interests.
She stated that to secure rural stability, the British associated the leaders of the agriculturist tribes with the political life and processes. They pursued a policy to use the resources of the Punjab to reward the agriculturist populations. A framework of political representation was established to institutionalize the division between the agriculturist and non-agriculturist populations. In addition to these actions, they encouraged the rural elites to get into administrative system and offered them the post of Ziladar.
So by doing that The British ruler laid down the foundation of biradari based politics in Punjab. (Yasmeen, 2006).
Klein, in his presentation had mentioned that the right to political participation refers to citizens’ right to seek to influence public affairs. Political participation can take many forms, the most notable of which is voting in elections, but also including joining a political party, standing as a candidate in an election, joining a non-governmental advocacy group, or participating in a demonstration.
The foundational legal articulation of this right can be found in the UN’s 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and it has been further formalized and elaborated in later treaties, most notably the 1976 International Covenant on Civil and Political rights. As currently implemented by the UN, various operating entities assess signatory states’ respect for this right and, when violations are determined to have occurred, may call on states to changes their practices. Participation in its general form is to take part in the conduct of public affairs”.
Public affairs might include the activities of civic associations, neighborhood groups, social movements, and social clubs, as well as formal procedures of governments. Thus although participants in public affairs must be citizens, the domain of action is not restricted to formal political institutions but also includes social activities of a public nature. The second form of participation is more specific: elections. Elections are just one mode of public participation, but they are widely recognized and utilized.
Whether a central element in a political system or just a limited one, whether open to all citizens or just some, most governments incorporate some kind of elections in some part of their system. As the one mechanism specifically identified in this treaty, elections are assigned a special importance for participation. (Klein, 2005).
Taheri, in his article has stated that political participation is an essential element of the political system and it varies country to country. He has defined the political participation in detail and has included the definitions of political participation of Mcclosky, Wasburn, Nie and Verba.
He has given the various methods of political participation like Voting, participation in propaganda activities, participation in political parties, membership in pressure groups, activating political parties and pressure groups, maintain contacts with legislators, offer oneself as candidate, hold press conferences, arrange demonstrations, form trade unions and arrange strikes, financial contributions, expressing symbols, etc. (Taheri, 2006).
He also has given the four distinguished modes of political participation; i) Voting ii) Campaign activity iii) Communal activity v) Particularized contacts He has explained the social and psychological factors of political participation which include gender, age, education, religion, race, tribe, class or economic status, social status, caste, group environment, residence and power factor. He also included in his article the theory and scope of political participation. Theoretical Frame Work of the study The theoretical frame work of the study tells the parameter on which it is being done. The researcher had used Pluralism theory of political sociology in which the role or nature of the group has been described.
Pluralism is based on functionalism with emphasis on equilibrium, stability and gradual change, conservative perspective. Arnold Rose, Peter Bentley, Talcott Parson, Neil Smelster are the key Pluralists. In this theory Arnold Rose states that individuals with common interests exert influence on decision-makers by collective action thus average citizens can have meaningful input into decision-making; same is the function of biradari in political participation. In a biradari its member can exert influence on decision makers by collective action of the biradari.
Political power is distributed over as many citizens working through their associations as want to take responsibility for power, through the voluntary association the ordinary citizen can acquire as much as power in the community or nation as their free time, ability and inclinations permit them. Biradari members can acquire political power according to their voluntary association with their biradari. Political process is made up of social groups and policy outcomes are result of group process, each group being autonomous an Potential groups: people who have shared attitudes, unorganized could organize d emocratic Cross cutting group membership: overlapping membership of groups, one individual may have many memberships and each group may have conflicting views on one issue, thus never have one all powerful group agreeing on all issues. (Wilma, 2003).
Chapter 3 Methodology Methodology is the most important part of the research and it highlights the research procedure which the researcher followed during the study. Through methodology it is being decided that what will be the population? What sampling techniques are being used? Which technique will be used for the data collection?
And what will be the tool of data collection of the research? Methodology is very significant because the validity of whole research depends on it. Research Design The researcher has used quantitative research design. As in quantitative research design concepts are in the form of distinct variables as in this research one variable is Biradarism and the other is Political participation. In quantitative research design the technique of survey research is used for data collection. The survey is the most widely used data gathering technique in sociology.
There are three types of survey research and the researcher has selected the face-to-face interview. In interview there are two types: open ended questions and close ended questions. The tool of data collection used by the researcher is close ended questionnaire. It is easy to compare the answers of different respondents. (Neumann, 1994).
Scaling Likert scale is being used by the researcher. Scales are common in situations where a researcher wants to measure the attitudes. Scaling produces quantitative measure and can be used with other variable to test the hypothesis.
Likert scales usually ask people to indicate whether they agree or disagree with the statement or they approve or disapprove, whether they believe something is “almost always true”. (Neumann, 1994).
The researcher has used five categories of “agree”, “strongly agree”, “somewhat agree”, “disagree”, “strongly disagree”. Population The entire group from which a sample is chosen is known as the population or the universe. The whole village of Juara, a village of Tehsil Kharian of district Gujrat, is taken as whole population.
The researcher had selected this village because; in this village a single biradari was very much dominant and wining the general election continuously. Sampling The sample size of the research was 146 males. Total male voters of the village Juara were 1463 and the researcher had selected 10% of it. Respondents were selected on the basis of probability sampling. The researcher had used the simple random sampling technique, a type of probability sampling. In simple random sampling technique every element had an equal probability of being selected.
In simple random sampling researcher developed an accurate sampling frame and selected elements according to a mathematically random procedure then locates the exact element that was selected for inclusion in the sample. (Neumann, 1994).
The list of male member of the village was collected from the union council of village Juara. The researcher then assigned number to male voters and selected the respondents by using a computer statistical software programme. Reason to select this very sample was: The researcher had selected male voters of the village because their society was a patriarchal society.
Decisions were made by men and women had to comply. Female of village don’t had their voices in voting choices because Biradari don’t permit them and consult them to make decisions about their lives and issues. Questionnaire The final draft of the questionnaire was consists of 43 questions. The questionnaire has three parts: first part was about the personal profile second was containing questions about adherence to biradari and third part was containing questions about political participation. The questionnaire was pre-tested before final data collection. Pre-testing was done to check the validity of questionnaire.
Seven respondents were being interviewed. The average time of one interview was 20-25 minutes. After pre-testing some questions which didn’t work excluded from the questionnaire to make the questionnaire more clear and reader friendly. Field Experience The field exposure of the researcher was very interesting. Before the start of data collection researcher hired two local people on daily wages who assisted the researcher in data collection and in locating the respondents who had been selected from the voting lists of the village through simple random sampling. The local hired personals made the approach to the respondents very easy.
Most of the respondents were elderly and illiterate so the researcher found it difficult to communicate with them, because some of them were weak in hearing, and some of them have weak memory. Initially respondents were shy about the work, they asked many questions about the study, specially showed their cancers when their income was asked. But when they get into the confidence they showed great co-operation and hospitality. Some respondents showed uncooperative behavior but on the whole it was a massive experience for the researcher who had just stepped in the research field. Measurements in Research Design Hypotheses
H0: Adherence to biradari does not affect the political participation. H1: Adherence to biradari affects the political participation. Conceptualization and Operationalization The main concepts which have been used in the present study are as following: 1) Participation 2) Political Participation 3) Decision making 4) Caste 5) Biradari 6) General Election Conceptual Definition of the Concepts 1. Participation Participation is a process of free and uninhabited involvement of the people in making and implementing decisions affecting them, and taking by them the responsibility to sustain the resulting developments. Aziz, 1996).
2. Political Participation “Milbrath and Goel define political participation as “those actions of private citizen by which they seek to influence or to support government and politics” while Verba and Nie define political participation as “those activities by private citizen that are more or less directly aimed at influencing the selection of governmental personnel and/or actions they take” Verba and Nie had distinguished four main modes of political participation: Voting, Campaign activity, Communal activity, Particularized contacts. Voting is to give vote to some candidate; campaign activity is a process in election which includes going to door to door in one’s constituency asking for vote, arranging corner meetings, procession etc. Communal activity includes contacting local officials about social issues and particularized activity includes contacting local officials on highly specific issues. (Taheri, 2007).
Certain methods of political participation were to vote, participate in propaganda campaign, participation in political participation, and getting membership in any pressure group, standing as a candidate, arrange and held a press conferences etc. . Decision making Decision making is a rational, cognitive process by which a choice is made among several alternatives. Kroeber and Haushildt (1985:183) 4. Caste It can be defined as a rigid social system in which a social hierarchy is maintained generation after generation and allows little mobility out of the positionto which a person is born. (Ebtson, 1998).
5. Biradari The word ‘Biradari is derived from the Persian word ‘Biradar’ that means brother. Biradari has been taken as fraternity, kinship, lineage, family, class, group and society.
The offspring of ancestor belong to the same caste and the collection of castes is called Biradari which is the specific socio cultural unit within which caste rules are performed. (Ahmed: 2006).
6. General Election A national or state election; candidates are chosen in all constituencies. (Word Web dictionary) Operational Definitions of the Concepts 1. Participation It is the involvement of the members of a biradari in its various social activities like politics, economics, and major life events etc. 2. Political Participation
It is the physical participation of the members of a biradari in political activities like voting and campaigning. 3. Decision making It is a process in which biradari heads take decisions regarding voting choices in election. 4. Caste It is the stratification of the society in which social position of an individual is fixed at birth and cannot be changed. 5. Biradari It is a social and cultural grouping of the people who belongs to same ancestor, same caste or collection of castes and they observe the caste rules and regulations.
Biradari is a social group who’s member do not share the earnings and they don’t have common movable property but they share honor and shame. In a biradari act of an individual affects its whole members. Members of the biradari show a collective behavior in general and celebrate the major events of social life (marriage, birth, death etc) together. 6. General Election It is a process in which voters of village elect the members of the provincial and national assemblies through their voting. Chapter 4 Date Analysis and Interpretation Table 4. Frequencies and percentages of demographic variables (n= 146) |Sr. # |Variable | |f |%age | |1 |Education |Illiterate |52 |35. 6 | | | |Up to Primary |16 |11. 0 | | | |Up to Matriculation |61 |41. | | | |Intermediate and above |17 |11. 6 | |2 |Marital status |Single |35 |24 | | | |Married |100 |68. 5 | | | |Divorced |3 |2. | | | |Widowed |8 |5. 5 | |3 |Vote casting experience |One time |28 |19. 2 | | | |Two time |52 |35. 6 | | | |Three time and more |66 |45. | |4 |Family structure |Nuclear |41 |28. 1 | | | |Joint |105 |71. 9 | Results of the data have shown that 41. 8% respondents were educated and having a qualification of up to Matriculation. 68. 5% respondent’s were married. 45. 2% respondent’s have a vote casting experience and 71. % prefer to live in a join family system instead of nuclear family system. Table showing frequencies and percentages of response categories of whole statements of scale (n=146) |Sr. # |Statements |Agree |Agree |Disagree |Disagree | | | |f |%age |f |%age | |1 |Special affiliation of the respondents with their |134 |91. |12 |8. 2 | | |biradari | | | | | |2 |Strong feeling of connectedness with their biradari |137 |93. 9 |9 |6. 2 | |3 |Relationships of the respondents with the other |127 |87. 0 |19 |13. | | |members of biradari, is of great importance for them | | | | | |4 |Believe of the respondents in biradari to control |128 |87. 8 |18 |12. 3 | | |different aspects of social life of its members | | | | | |5 |Biradari play an important role in decision making |123 |84. 3 |23 |15. | | |process according to respondents | | | | | |6 |Respondents believe that they can’t violate the |122 |83. 6 |24 |16. 5 | | |decisions of their biradari | | | | | |7 |Respondents accept each and every decision of their |120 |82. 2 |26 |17. | | |biradari whole heartedly | | | | | |8 |Biradari decides the pattern of marriage for its |114 |78. 0 |32 |21. 9 | | |members according to the respondents | | | | | |9 |Respondents believe that biradari influences marriage|129 |88. |17 |11. 6 | | |choices of its members | | | | | |10 |Biradari encourages out of biradari marriages |111 |76. 0 |35 |23. 9 | |11 |Respondents believe that their biradari pressurized |121 |82. |25 |17. 1 | | |those people who want to marry their children out of | | | | | | |the biradari | | | | | |12 |Biradari uses its resources to promote its members |125 |85. 6 |21 |14. | | |financially according to respondents | | | | | |13 |Respondents believe that their biradari plays an |125 |85. 6 |21 |14. 4 | | |important role in election process | | | | | |14 |Biradari play its role in conflict resolution |135 |92. |11 |7. 5 | | |according to the respondents | | | | | |15 |Biradari favors its members in case of conflict |134 |91. 8 |12 |8. | | |against any person other than biradari members | | | | | | |according to the respondents | | | | | |16 |Respondents believe that their biradari fight jointly|128 |87. 7 |18 |12. | | |against external forces in conflict situations | | | | | |17 |Respondents resort to biradari first rather than any |125 |85. 6 |21 |14. 3 | | |legal aid in case of conflict | | | | | |18 |Biradari is a source of moral and social support for |120 |82. |26 |17. 8 | | |its member in case of conflict according to | | | | | | |respondents | | | | | |19 |Respondents like the physical proximity of their |120 |82. 2 |26 |17. | | |biradari | | | | | |20 |Overall respondents are satisfied with the decision |119 |81. 5 |27 |18. 5 | | |making of their biradari | | | | | |21 |Overall respondents are satisfied with the conflict |125 |85. 6 |21 |14. | | |resolution of their biradari | | | | | |22 |Overall respondents are satisfied with the marriage |129 |88. 4 |17 |11. 6 | | |patterning of their biradari | | | | | |23 |Overall respondents like biradari’s activities |126 |86. |20 |13. 7 | |24 |Respondents prefer to vote for the candidate of their|137 |93. 8 |9 |6. 2 | | |own biradari | | | | | |25 |Respondents consider the leadership qualities of the |135 |92. 5 |11 |7. | | |candidate before deciding to vote | | | | | |26 |Respondents vote for an able candidate, no matter |128 |87. 6 |18 |12. 3 | | |from which biradari he/she belongs | | | | | |27 |Respondents vote for a candidate who has maximum |127 |86. |19 |13. 0 | | |support of their biradari | | | | | |28 |Respondents go door to door asking people to vote for|126 |86. 3 |20 |13. 7 | | |the candidate of their biradari | | | | | |29 |Respondents ask their family members to vote for the |126 |86. |20 |13. 7 | | |biradari candidate | | | | | |30 |Respondents counter any propaganda against the |127 |87. 0 |19 |13. 0 | | |candidate of their biradari | | | | | |31 |Respondents can launch propaganda against the |122 |83. |24 |16. 4 | | |opposite of their biradari candidate | | | | | |32 |Respondents persuade other members of their biradari |127 |87. 0 |19 |13. 0 | | |to vote for the candidate of biradari | | | | | |33 |Respondents believe biradarism encourages the |129 |88. |17 |11. 6 | | |political participation | | | | | |34 |Respondents respect the voting choices of their |134 |91. 8 |12 |8. 2 | | |biradari | | | | | |35 |Respondents participate in corner meetings and |138 |94. |8 |5. 4 | | |gatherings of their biradari’s candidate | | | | | |36 |Respondents organize corner meetings and gatherings |129 |88. 4 |17 |11. 6 | | |for the candidate of their biradari | | | | | |37 |Respondents believe, it is essential to attend the |136 |93. |10 |6. 8 | | |meetings and gatherings for biradari members | | | | | |38 |Respondents can fight for the candidate of their |118 |80. 9 |24 |16. 5 | | |biradari physically | | | | |39 |Respondents can shed blood for the candidate of their|112 |76. 7 |34 |23. 3 | | |biradari | | | | | |40 |Respondents boycott a person from their biradari |110 |75. 4 |36 |24. | | |socially, who votes against the biradari candidate | | | | | |41 |Respondents financially support the candidate of |114 |78. 0 |32 |21. 9 | | |their biradari if he/she required | | | | | |42 |Respondents have moral support always with the |132 |90. |14 |9. 5 | | |candidate of their biradari even he/she lost the | | | | | | |election | | | | | |43 |Respondents support the candidate of their biradari |130 |89. 0 |16 |10. | | |un-conditionally | | | | | Test Statistics Factor Analysis We have two methods to check that we may run or not factor analysis on the data 1. Measure of sampling adequacy (MSA) 2. Bartlett’s test of sphericity. These two methods are the standard methods of checking the Validity of factor analysis on the given data. Table No 4. 3 |Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. |. 81 | |Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity |Approx. Chi-Square |704. 186 | | |df |171 | | |Sig. |. 000 | In the above table the significance value is zero that is less than 0. 05 that indicates that factor analysis can be used on this data. Total Variance Explained Table No 4. 4 Component |Initial Eigenvalues | | |Total |% of Variance |Cumulative % | |1 |5. 123 |26. 963 |26. 963 | |2 |1. 503 |7. 911 |34. 874 | |3 |1. 57 |7. 141 |42. 015 | |4 |1. 172 |6. 168 |48. 183 | |5 |1. 097 |5. 772 |53. 955 | |6 |1. 049 |5. 520 |59. 475 | |7 |. 59 |5. 048 |64. 523 | |8 |. 927 |4. 881 |69. 404 | |9 |. 779 |4. 100 |73. 504 | |10 |. 765 |4. 024 |77. 528 | |11 |. 666 |3. 07 |81. 035 | |12 |. 605 |3. 186 |84. 221 | |13 |. 568 |2. 989 |87. 211 | |14 |. 536 |2. 822 |90. 033 | |15 |. 495 |2. 05 |92. 638 | |16 |. 426 |2. 244 |94. 882 | |17 |. 402 |2. 116 |96. 998 | |18 |. 346 |1. 819 |98. 817 | |19 |. 225 |1. 83 |100. 000 | Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Table No 4. 5 |Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings | |Total |% of Variance |Cumulative % | |2. 717 |14. 299 |14. 299 | |2. 80 |11. 474 |25. 773 | |1. 942 |10. 222 |35. 995 | |1. 773 |9. 331 |45. 326 | |1. 542 |8. 116 |53. 442 | |1. 46 |6. 033 |59. 475 | This table give us sort of information about the selection of factors. The rule of thumb is that we select the factors that having eigenvalue greater than or equal to 1 and other we don’t include in analysis. In above table six factors having eigenvalues greater than 1. The total eigenvalues represents the total amount of variance extracted by the factor solution. So we select six representing factors for explaining the information by 21 variables.
First factor explain 26. 963%, second factor explain 7. 911%, third factor explain 7. 141%, fourth factor explain 6. 168%, fifth factor explain 5. 772% and the sixth factor explain 5. 520% from all the variation respectively. The rule of thumb about the explanation of variation is that for practical significance the factors which are selected must explain 60% of or greater variation from whole the data. According to the above table we select the four factors and these four factors explain the 60% variation from the whole variation. Rotated Component Matrix (a) Table No 4. 6 |Component | | | |I have strong feeling of connectedness with my biradari | |My relationships with the people of my own biradari, is of great importance for me. | |My biradari fight jointly against external forces in conflict situations | |My biradari favors me in case of conflict against any person other than biradari members. |My biradari uses its resources to promote its members financially. | Factor 2 |I believe biradari control different aspects of social life of its members. | |Biradari play an important role in decision making process according to me | |I believe, I can’t violate the decisions of the biradari. | Factor 3 |I believe, I can’t violate the decisions of the biradari. | |I believe my biradari pressurized those people who want to marry their children out of the biradari | |I like the physical proximity of my biradari. Factor 4 |I believe my biradari plays an important role in election process. | |Biradari play its role in conflict resolution. | |Biradari is a source of moral and social support for me in case of conflict | Factor 5 |I believe biradari control different aspects of social life of its members. | |Biradari play an important role in decision making process according to me. | Factor 6 |My biradari encourages out of biradari marriages. | |I resort to biradari first rather than any legal aid in case of conflict. | Non Parametric Tests
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test to check the distribution of the data 1. The hypotheses of the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test are H0: The data for adherence to biradari and political participation is normally distributed. H1: The data for adherence to biradari and political participation is not normally distributed. 2. Level of significance 5% or . 05 3. Test statistic [pic] where [pic]is the empirical cdf and [pic]is the standard normal cdf 4. Critical Region If the p-value of the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test is less than the level of the significance (. 5), then we reject the null hypothesis that is the data is normally distributed. 5. Computation Table No 4. 7 | |Total score for |Total score for | | |biradari |political | | |adherence |participation | |N |146 |146 | |Normal Parameters(a,b) |Mean |67. 356 |70. 1849 | | |Std. Deviation |9. 85710 |10. 09882 | |Most Extreme Differences |Absolute |. 123 |. 161 | | |Positive |. 087 |. 091 | | |Negative |-. 123 |-. 161 | |Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z |1. 491 |1. 948 | |Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) |. 23 |. 001 | 6. Decision The above tables show that our null hypothesis is accepted and we can conclude that total score for birardri adherence and total score for political participation is not normally distributed. Nonparametric Correlations Since both the variables (total score for birardri adherence and total score for political participation) are not normally distributed. So we will use spearman’s correlation (nonparametric correlation) and also testing the significance of this correlation. Spearmen’s correlation 1. The hypotheses of the spearmen’s correlation are
H0: There is no correlation between the birardri adherence and political participation. H1: There is a correlation between the birardri adherence and political participation. 2. Level of the significance: 0. 05 3. Test statistics [pic] where: di = xi ? yi = the difference between the ranks of corresponding values Xi and Yi, and n = the number of values in each data set (same for both sets).
4. Critical Region If the p-value of the spearman’s correlation test is less than the level of the significance then we reject the null hypothesis of no correlation. . Computation Correlations Table No 4. 8 | |Total score for |Total score for | | |biradari |political | | |adherence |participation | |Spearman’s rho |Total score for biradari |Correlation Coefficient |1. 00 |. 612(**) | | |adherence | | | | | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |. |. 000 | | | |N |146 |146 | | |Total score for political |Correlation Coefficient |. 612(**) |1. 00 | | |participation | | | | | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |. 000 |. | | | |N |146 |146 | ** Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed).
6. Decision The above nonparametric correlation table shows that the correlation between birardri adherence and political participation is 0. 12 so we can say that these two variables are highly correlated. Spearman’s correlation test also tells us that the correlation between two variables is highly significant. Frequency Table Table No 4. 9. Overall I am satisfied with the decision making of my biradari. | |Frequency |Percent | | |strongly disagree |5 |3. | | |disagree |22 |15. 1 | | |somewhat agree |40 |27. 4 | | |agree |59 |40. 4 | | |strongly agree |20 |13. 7 |
Table No 4. 10 Overall I am satisfied with the conflict resolution of my biradari. | |Frequency |Percent | | |strongly disagree |7 |4. 8 | | |disagree |14 |9. 6 | | |somewhat agree |49 |33. | | |Agree |51 |34. 9 | | |strongly agree |25 |17. 1 | Table No 4. 11 Overall I am satisfied with the marriage patterning of my biradari. | |Frequency |Percent | | |strongly disagree |7 |4. | | |disagree |10 |6. 8 | | |somewhat agree |44 |30. 1 | | |agree |63 |43. 2 | | |strongly agree |22 |15. 1 | Table No 4. 12. Overall I like my biradari’s activities. |Frequency |Percent | | |strongly disagree |6 |4. 1 | | |disagree |14 |9. 6 | | |somewhat agree |41 |28. 1 | | |Agree |59 |40. | | |strongly agree |26 |17. 8 | Chi-Square Test for checking the level of satisfaction of the respondents 1. The hypothesis of the Chi-Square Test is H0: Level of satisfaction is varying from respondent to respondent. 2. Level of the significance: 0. 05 3. Test statistics: [pic] 4. Critical Region Investigators either accept or reject H0, after comparing the value of chi-square to a probability distribution. 5.
Computation Level of satisfaction with decision making of biradari Table No 4. 13 | |Observed N |Expected N |Residual | |disagree |27 |48. 7 |-21. 7 | |neutral |40 |48. 7 |-8. 7 | |agree |79 |48. 7 |30. 3 |
Level of satisfaction with conflict resolution of biradari Table No 4. 14 | |Observed N |Expected N |Residual | |disagree |21 |48. 7 |-27. 7 | |neutral |49 |48. 7 |. 3 | |agree |76 |48. 7 |27. | Level of satisfaction with the marriage patter of biradari Table No 4. 15 | |Observed N |Expected N |Residual | |disagree |17 |48. 7 |-31. 7 | |neutral |44 |48. 7 |-4. 7 | |agree |85 |48. |36. 3 | Level of satisfaction from biradari activities Table No 4. 16 | |Observed N |Expected N |Residual | |disagree |20 |48. 7 |-28. 7 | |neutral |41 |48. 7 |-7. 7 | |agree |85 |48. |36. 3 | Table No 4. 17 | |Level of satisfaction |Level of satisfaction with|Level of satisfaction with|Level of satisfaction from| | |with decision making of|conflict resolution of |the marriage patter of |biradari activities | | |biradari |biradari |biradari | | |Chi-Square(a) |30. 096 |31. 082 |48. 178 |45. 19 | |Df |2 |2 |2 |2 | |Asymp. Sig. |. 000 |. 000 |. 000 |. 000 | a 0 cells (. 0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 48. 7. 6. Decision The above table tells us that our null hypothesis is rejected there is association between the scale categories of each variable. So we can conclude that level of satisfaction is not varying from respondent to respondents.
For variable one We can say that level of satisfaction with decision making of biradari is same of all peoples. For variable two We can say that level of satisfaction with conflict resolution of biradari is same of all peoples. For variable three We can say that level of satisfaction with the marriage patter of biradari is same of all peoples. For variable three We can say that level of satisfaction with biradari activities is same of all peoples. Factor Analysis We have two methods to check that we may run or not factor analysis on the data 1.
Measure of sampling adequacy (MSA).
2. Bartlett’s test of sphericity. These two methods are the standard methods of for checking the Validity of factor analysis on the given data. Table No 4. 18 |Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. |. 813 | |Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity |Approx. Chi-Square |647. 826 | | |df |190 | | |Sig. . 000 | In the above table the significance value is zero that is less than 0. 05 that indicates that factor analysis can be used on this data. Total Variance Explained Table No 4. 19 |Component |Initial Eigenvalues | | |Total |% of Variance |Cumulative % | |1 |5. 161 |25. 807 |25. 07 | |2 |1. 505 |7. 525 |33. 332 | |3 |1. 309 |6. 547 |39. 879 | |4 |1. 175 |5. 876 |45. 755 | |5 |1. 161 |5. 803 |51. 557 | |6 |1. 21 |5. 603 |57. 161 | |7 |1. 023 |5. 116 |62. 277 | |8 |. 839 |4. 196 |66. 472 | |9 |. 790 |3. 952 |70. 424 | |10 |. 759 |3. 97 |74. 221 | |11 |. 707 |3. 537 |77. 759 | |12 |. 669 |3. 344 |81. 102 | |13 |. 611 |3. 055 |84. 158 | |14 |. 570 |2. 850 |87. 08 | |15 |. 552 |2. 759 |89. 767 | |16 |. 491 |2. 455 |92. 223 | |17 |. 475 |2. 374 |94. 596 | |18 |. 410 |2. 052 |96. 649 | |19 |. 53 |1. 766 |98. 415 | |20 |. 317 |1. 585 |100. 000 | Table No 4. 20 |Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings | |Total |% of Variance |Cumulative % | |2. 061 |10. 306 |10. 06 | |1. 939 |9. 695 |20. 000 | |1. 891 |9. 453 |29. 453 | |1. 859 |9. 294 |38. 747 | |1. 608 |8. 038 |46. 785 | |1. 60 |7. 802 |54. 587 | |1. 538 |7. 689 |62. 277 | Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. This table give us sort of information about the selection of factors. The rule of thumb is that we select the factors that having eigenvalue greater than or equal to 1 and other we don’t include in analysis. In above table six factors having eigenvalues greater than 1.
The total eigenvalues represents the total amount of variance extracted by the factor solution. So we select seven representing factors for explaining the information by 20 variables. First factor explain 25. 807%, second factor explain 7. 525%, third factor explain 6. 547%, fourth factor explain 5. 876%, fifth factor explain 5. 803% and the sixth factor explain 5. 603% and the seventh factor explain 5. 116% from all the variation respectively. The rule of thumb about the explanation of variation is that for practical significance the factors which are selected must explain 60%or greater variation from whole the data.
According to the above table we have derived the seven factors and these seven factors explain the 62. 277% variation from the whole variation. Rotated Component Matrix (a) Table No 4. 21 | |Component | | | |I can fight for the candidate of my biradari physically. | |I organize corner meetings and gatherings for the candidate of my biradari | |I boycott a person from my biradari socially, who votes against the biradari candidates |
Factor 2 |I counter any propaganda against the candidate of my biradari. | |I persuade other members of my biradari to vote for the candidate of biradari | |I respect the voting choices of my biradari. | |I financially support the candidate of my biradari if he/she required | Factor 3 |I go door to door asking people to vote for the candidate of my biradari. |I ask my family members to for the biradari candidate | Factor 4 |I can launch propaganda against the opposite of my biradari candidate. | |I believe biradarism encourages the political participation. | |My moral support always with the candidate of my biradari even he/she lost the election | |I support the candidate of my biradari un-conditionally. | Factor 5 |I participate in corner meetings and gatherings of my biradari’s candidate. |It is essential to attend these meetings and gatherings for biradari members | Factor 6 |I vote for an able candidate, no matter from which biradari he/she belongs. | |I prefer to vote for the candidate of my own Biradari. | Factor 7 |I consider the leadership qualities of the candidate before deciding to vote. | |I vote for a candidate who has maximum support of my biradari. | Non Parametric Tests One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for checking the distribution of the data of age of the respondents 1.
The hypotheses of the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test are: H0: The data of age is normally distributed. H1: The data of age is not normally distributed. 2. Level of significance: 5% or . 05 3. Test statistic: [pic] where [pic]is the empirical cdf and [pic]is the standard normal cdf 4. Critical Region If the p-value of the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test is less than the level of the significance (. 05), then we reject the null hypothesis that is the data is normally distributed. 5. Computation Table No 4. 22 |Age(years) | |N |146 | |Normal Parameters(a,b) |Mean |41. 66 | | |Std. Deviation |16. 535 | |Most Extreme Differences |Absolute |. 22 | | |Positive |. 122 | | |Negative |-. 095 | |Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z |1. 473 | |Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) |. 026 | Test distribution is Normal. b Calculated from data. 6. Decision Since the p-value is less than the level of significance so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the age distribution of the respondents is not normal. Nonparametric Correlations Since both the variables (age and total score for birardri adherence) are not normally distributed, we will use spearman’s correlation (nonparametric correlation) and also testing the significance of this correlation. Spearmen’s correlation for checking the correlation between the biradari adherence and age of the respondents 1.
The hypotheses of the spearmen’s correlation are H0: There is no correlation between age and the birardri adherence H1: There is a correlation between age and the birardri adherence 2. Level of the significance: 0. 05 3. Test statistics: [pic] where: di = xi ? yi = the difference between the ranks of corresponding values Xi and Yi, and n = the number of values in each data set (same for both sets) 4. Critical Region If the p-value of the spearman’s correlation test is less than the level of the significance then we reject the null hypothesis of no correlation. 5. Computation Correlations Table No 4. 3 | |Age(years) |Total score for | | | |biradari adherence | |Spearman’s rho |Age(years) |Correlation Coefficient |1. 000 |. 026 | | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |. |. 759 | | | |N |146 146 | | |Total score for biradari |Correlation Coefficient |. 026 |1. 000 | | |adherence | | | | | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |. 759 |. | 6. Decision The above table shows the correlation between age and total score for brardri adherence is . 026 and the p-value of the Spearman’s correlation test is . 759, which is greater than the level of significance.
So we accept our null hypothesis and conclude that there is no correlation between ager and birardri adherence. Nonparametric Correlations One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for checking the distribution of the data of education and income 1. The hypotheses of the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test are: H0: The data of education and income is normally distributed. H1: The data of education and income is not normally distributed. 2. Level of significance: 5% or . 05 3. Test statistic: [pic] where [pic]is the empirical cdf and [pic]is the standard normal cdf 4. Critical Region
If the p-value of the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test is less than the level of the significance (. 05), then we reject the null hypothesis that is the data is normally distributed. 5. Computation One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Table No 4. 24 | |Education(years) |Income(Rs) | |N |146 |118 | |Normal Parameters(a,b) |Mean |5. 7 |17813. 56 | | |Std. Deviation |4. 855 |13252. 930 | |Most Extreme Differences |Absolute |. 235 |. 180 | | |Positive |. 235 |. 180 | | |Negative |-. 143 |-. 61 | |Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z |2. 837 |1. 958 | |Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) |. 000 |. 001 | a Test distribution is Normal. b Calculated from data 6. Decision Since the p-value of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for both the data of education and income is less than the level of significance (0. 05).
So we reject the null hypothesis for both the data and conclude that the education and income does not follow the normal distribution.
Spearmen’s correlation for checking the correlation between the biradari adherence and education 1. The hypotheses of the spearmen’s correlation are H0: There is no correlation between the birardri adherence and education. H1: There is a correlation between the birardri adherence and education. 2. Level of the significance: 0. 05 3. Test statistics: [pic] where: di = xi ? yi = the difference between the ranks of corresponding values Xi and Yi, and n = the number of values in each data set (same for both sets).
4. Critical Region
If the p-value of the spearman’s correlation test is less than the level of the significance then we reject the null hypothesis of no correlation. 5. Computation Correlations Table No 4. 25 | |Total score for |Education(years) | | |biradari adherence | | |Spearman’s rho |Total score for biradari |Correlation Coefficient |1. 000 |-. 51 | | |adherence | | | | | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |. |. 544 | | | |N |146 |146 | | |Education(years) |Correlation Coefficient |-. 051 |1. 000 | | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |. 44 |. | | | |N |146 |146 | 6. Decision The above table shows the correlation between education level and total score of birardri adherence is -. 051 and the p-value of the Spearman’s rank correlation test is greater than the level of significance (0. 05), so we accept our null hypothesis and conclude that there is no correlation between the education and brardri adherence. Nonparametric Correlations Since both the variables (birardri adherence and income) are not normally distributed.
So we will use spearman’s correlation and also testing the significance of this correlation. Spearmen’s correlation for checking the correlation between the biradari adherence and income 1. The hypotheses of the spearmen’s correlation are H0: There is no correlation between the birardri adherence and income. H1: There is a correlation between the birardri adherence and income. 2. Level of the significance: 0. 05 3. Test statistics: [pic] where: di = xi ? yi = the difference between the ranks of corresponding values Xi and Yi, and n = the number of values in each data set (same for both sets).
4. Critical Region
If the p-value of the spearman’s correlation test is less than the level of the significance then we reject the null hypothesis of no correlation. 5. Computation Correlations Table No 4. 26 | |Total score for |Income(Rs) | | |biradari | | | |adherence | | |Spearman’s rho |Total score for biradari |Correlation Coefficient |1. 00 |-. 212(*) | | |adherence | | | | | | |Sig. (2-tailed) |. |. 021 | | | |N |146 |118 | | |Income(Rs) |Correlation Coefficient |-. 212(*) |1. 000 | | | |Sig. 2-tailed) |. 021 |. | | | |N |118 |118 | Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2-tailed).
6. Decision The above table shows the correlation between education level and total score of birardri adherence is -. 212 and the p-value of the spearman’s correlation test is less than the level of significance, so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a correlation between birardri adherence and income.
Kruskal-Wallis Test for checking the correlation between the biradari adherence and education level 1. The hypotheses of the Kruskal-Wallis Test are H0: The birardri adherence is same according to different education level. H1: The birardri adherence is not same according to different level of education. 2. Level of significance: . 05 3. Test statistic: [pic] 4. Critical Region If the p-value of the Kruskal-Wallis Test is less than the level of significance then we reject our null hypothesis. 5. Computation Kruskal-Wallis Test Ranks Table No 4. 27 Education level | N |Mean Rank | |Total score for biradari |Illiterate |52 |79. 38 | |adherence | | | | | |primary and below |16 |74. 06 | | |metric and below |61 |69. 6 | | |inter and above |17 |69. 85 | | |Total |146 | | Test Statistics (a, b) Table No 4. 28 | |Total score for biradari adherence | |Chi-Square |1. 21 | |Df |3 | |Asymp. Sig. |. 632 | a Kruskal Wallis Test 6. Decision Since the p-value of the Kruskal-Wallis Test is greater than the level of significance (. 05), so we accept our null hypothesis and conclude that the birardri adherence is same according to different education level. 4. 9
