What is respiration?
In physiology, respiration (often mistaken with breathing) is defined as the transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration: the metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy).
Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the animal, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.
How does respiration carry out?
Air-breathing vertebrates such as humans, respiration of oxygen includes four stages:
* Ventilation, moving of the ambient air into and out of the alveoli of the lungs.
* Pulmonary gas exchange, exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
* Gas transport, movement of gases within the pulmonary capillaries through the circulation to the peripheral capillaries in the organs, and then a movement of gases back to the lungs along the same circulatory route.
Organ | Oxygen consumption
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(ml O2/min per 100g)[1] |
Heart (rest) | 8 |
Heart (heavy exercise) | 70 |
Brain | 3 |
Kidney | 5 |
Skin | 0.2 |
Resting skeletal muscle | 1 |
Contracting skeletal muscle | 50 |
* Peripheral gas exchange, exchange of gases between the tissue capillaries and the tissues or organs, impacting the cells composing these andmitochondria within the cells.
What is the use of respiration?
Respiratory behavior is correlated to the cardiovascular behavior to control the gaseous exchange between cells and blood. Both behaviors are intensified by exercise of the body. However, respiratory is highly voluntary compared to cardiovascular activity which is totally involuntary.
Cutaneous respiration
With the surface to breathe, as the skin breathe. The original
oxygen through the body surface can, in the event on the folding inward from the
surface into the air is that it is lung or bladder and prominent part in the
expansion is to the external gills, therefore, no special respiratory organs of
animals that they rely on the skin breathing, part of the animals found in
earthworms, leeches; tentacle animals broom insects, moss and other insects. In
addition, even if the animal has a respiratory often skin breathe, such as tube
coelenterate system, a number of links in the gills and breathing bag animals,
arthropods crustaceans intestinal and vascular network, insect tracheal gills
rock silkworm vertebrates such as gills or lungs, and skin are all breathing the
same time and use. But the skin to breathe on the ratio of the respiration can
be with the animal species and different temperature conditions. Such as the
eel, the lower the temperature, the higher the value of skin respiration,
temperature below 10 ℃, the skin breathe oxygen consumption up to 60% of the
respiratory, eels at night to climb up on land that is the reason why For this
reason. Frog breathing in hibernation, a high dependence on the surface, about
70%, compared with 30-50% of the normal; birds and mammals of the skin
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respiration values, such as pigeons and the people are below 1% .
Branchial respiration
The branchial system is typically used respiration and/or feeding. Many fish have modified posterior gill arches into pharyngeal jaws, often equipped with specialized pharyngeal teeth for handling particular prey items (long, sharp teeth in carnivorous moray eels compared to broad, crushing teeth in durophagous black carp).
In amphibians and reptiles, the hyoid arch is modified for similar reasons. It is often used in buccal pumping and often plays a role in tongue protusion for prey capture. In species with highly specialized ballistic tongue movements such as chameleons or some plethodontid salamanders, the hyoid system is highly modified for this purpose, while it is often hypertrophied in species which use suction feeding. Species such as snakes and monitor lizards, whose tongue has evolved into a purely sensory organ, often have very reduced hyoid systems.
Pulmonary respiration
Air enters your body by being inhaled through the nose or mouth. It then travels through the pharynx and continues through the trachea or windpipe. The trachea divides into two tubes called the bronchial tubes through which the inhaled air enters the lungs. Inside your lungs the bronchial tubes branch into even smaller passageways called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole are tiny sacs called alveoli. The inhaled air passes through the walls of the alveoli and into the blood. The air enters the blood through small blood vessels called capillaries located inside the walls of the alveoli. The pulmonary artery carries the blood traveling to the lungs and alveoli. Upon reaching the alveoli the blood picks up the inhaled oxygen and at the same time releases the carbon dioxide that needs to be expelled. The pulmonary veins then carry the blood away. The carbon dioxide then travels back through the lungs and windpipe and is expelled by your body.
Tracheal respiration
The invertebrate trachea refers to the open respiratory system composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that terrestrial arthropods have to transport metabolic gases to and from tissues.
The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among the many orders of insects, but in general each segment of the body can have no more than one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it. The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular exoskeleton that branch (anastomose) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometres up to 0.8 mm. The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and serve as sites of diffusion for water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by means of active ventilation or passivediffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph. This is one of the factors that may limit their size.
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A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices. In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill. Note that despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).
Some terrestrial woodlice have evolved pseudotrachea, also called corpora allata (singular: corpus allatum), which is made up of air tubes that delivers oxygen to their haemolymph; a similar system has been found in some caterpillars.
