Due to the EPA sulfur regulation, the sulfur content of diesel fuel will be limited to 15 ppm. It is necessary to develop alternative and cheap desulfurization methods that can be used to replace current technology.
Based on previous work, ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) has been development; this technology combined three complementary techniques: ultrasound, phase transfer catalysis (PTC) and transition metal catalyzed oxidation, has accomplished high sulfur removal under ambient temperature and pressure. However, UAOD process is not sufficient enough to produce ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels due to low oxidation efficiency of C3-BT, C4-BT, C5-BT and C3-DBT.
Limitation of 15 ppm has been considered for the content of sulfur in the diesel fuel due to the sulfur regulation by the EPA. In addition, current technology can be replaced by the development of alternative, as well as, cheap methods related to the desulfurization that have been deemed necessary by the experts.
As earlier mentioned in the paper, development of oxidative desulfurization has been observed that was assisted by the ultrasound. In this regard, a number of techniques, such as transition metal catalyzed oxidation, phase transfer catalysis, and ultrasound have been combined for the abovementioned development. In the result, conditions of ambient pressure and temperature have resulted in the high removal of sulfur content. However, ultra low sulfur diesel fuel has not been produced sufficiently by the UAOD process, as C3-BT, C4-BT, C5-BT and C3-DBT’s oxidation efficiency has been very low during the process.
The Essay on Bio-Diesel Fuel
Biodiesel is an environmentally-friendly and low polluting fuel derived from waste or fresh vegetable oils (triglycerides) or animal oils (which is a renewable source of energy). It can be utilized alone or along with petroleum diesel fuel. However, by itself it does not contain any petroleum products. Biodiesel can be utilized in internal combustion, conventionally using diesel without many ...
It is necessary to develop alternative methods for deep desulfurization of fossil fuel derived oil. In this dissertation, an innovative desulfurization scheme – modified UAOD process and fluidized bed reactor (FBR) was developed. Modified UAOD process combines sonication, stirring, oxidant, ionic liquid ([BMIM][EtSO4]), phase transfer catalysis and acid catalyst (acetic acid and tri-fluoro acetic acid (TFA)) catalyzed oxidation resulting in high desulfurization efficiency under mild conditions.
A number of experts have noted that fossil fuel derived oil can be deeply desulfurized by the development of alternative methods that are necessary presently. In this study, development of fluidized bed reactor and modified UAOD process was observed, which has been considered as one of the innovative schemes related to the desulfurization. In this respect, ionic liquid, oxidant, phase transfer catalysis, stirring, sonication, and acid catalyst have been combined in the modified UAOD process specifically. Thus, mild conditions have also provided high desulfurization efficiency.
For model sulfur compounds study, under modified UAOD process, it has been demonstrated using appropriate oxidant, catalyst and ionic liquid with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation and stirring mixing. All the model compounds such as thiophene, 2-methyl thiophene, 2-ethyl thiophene, benzothiophenes, 2-methyl benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes and 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene can be oxidized within 3 hours. The desulfurization efficiency of model sulfur compound can reach average 99.9%.
During the study, proper oxidant, catalyst, as well as, ionic liquid was utilized during the demonstration under the modified UAOD process, specifically for model sulfur compounds. In addition, ultrasound irradiation and stirring mixing assisted the demonstration. It has been observed that duration of three hours has been enough for the oxidation of thiophene, 2-methyl thiophene, 2-ethyl thiophene, benzothiophenes, 2-methyl benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes 4, 6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene, and several other model compounds. In addition, average of 99.9 percent has been observed as the desulfurized efficiency of the model sulfur compounds.
The Research paper on Nissan Case Study: Quality, Process, and Location
The theory of constraints (TOC) can be described as an application designed to “solve business problems in a particularly practical and effective manner” (Introduction to the Theory of Constraints). The TOC is a scientific effort that focuses energy and attention to system constraint. In simple terms, the TOC is the wisdom that restricts or limits any company’s ability to accomplish their goals. ...
For diesel fuels containing various level of sulfur content: Treated Valley Oil, JP-5, F-76 and Valley Oil. Modified UAOD process followed by solvent extraction or solid adsorption has demonstrated that the sulfur reduction can reach above 99.9% removal efficiency or 0 sulfur diesel fuels. Moreover, this study has also demonstrated that spent aqueous phase that contain ionic liquid and acid catalyst can be recycle 3 times, and still exhibit high efficiency and high selectivity.
Various levels of sulfur content are contained, and can be observed in diesel fuels. Valley Oil, JP-5, and Treated Valley Oil are some of the levels. In this regard, 99.9% removal efficiency in the sulfur reduction can be demonstrated by the solvent extraction, as well as, solid adsorption, which has been followed by the modified UAOD process. Moreover, three times of recycling can be done to the ionic liquid and acid catalyst, which are usually contained in the spent aqueous phase. Interestingly, high efficiency, as well as, high selectivity can be exhibited by the same.
In pilot study, batch type continuous flow system has been developing for practical application, which consists of a treatment tank, high shear mixer and a pipeline system, was operated at mild condition for a given time. Without using ultrasound, by only using high shear mixing, the results show that remarkable 99.9% desulfurization was achieved. Although, less amount acid catalyst and ionic liquid has been used in pilot study compare to batch study, which still achieve high desulfurization efficiency with lower chemical cost.
In the pilot study, treatment tank, a pipeline system, as well as, high shear mixer has been created for the development of practical application of a batch-type continuous flow system. During these developments, appropriate time and mild conditions were given during the operations. In addition, the utilization of ultrasound was not allowed, and only the high shear mixing was utilized during the study. During the process, 99.9% of desulfurization efficiency was result of the process. Moreover, utilization of ionic liquid and acid catalyst had been done at a less extent by the pilot study, as compared to the batch study.
The Homework on A Comparative Study on High School Students Between the United States and China
With the development of global economy, the competition in education is becoming an important part of the international competitions. Students all over the world are competing with not only the students in their country but the students in the world. To some degrees, the future competitiveness of a country relies on how great their students are. As for students, their high school time is the ...
GC-Simulated Distillation (GC-SIMDIS) and hydrogen peroxide consumption study have been employed to evaluate the efficiency and the selectivity of modified UAOD process on diesel fuels. It is demonstrated that modified UAOD process has no detrimental effects on distillation profiles and other characteristics of diesel fuels.
In case of diesel fuels, the efficiency and the selectivity of modified UAOD process has been evaluated by the employment of studies related to the GC-Simulated Distillation (GC-SIMDIS) and hydrogen peroxide consumption. It has been demonstrated during the studies that distillation profiles, as well as, several features of diesel fuels cannot be affected detrimentally by the modified UAOD process.
Effluent from batch type continuous flow system has been pass though FBR, the results indicate that 99.9% of oxidized sulfur can be adsorb by acidic alumina, the adsorbent’s adsorption capacity for both F-76 and Valley Oil are very much similar with 11.8 mg sulfur / g alumina and 13.8 mg sulfur / g alumina respectively. Although, the adsorbent’s adsorption capacity remains same after recycle.
It has been observed that FBR has been used to pass the waste materials that have came out from the batch-type continuous flow system. Moreover, acidic alumina can adsorb almost 99.9% of oxidized sulfur, as indicated by the results. In addition, utilization of 11.8 mg sulfur / g alumina and 13.8 mg sulfur / g alumina resulted in the similar results in F-76 and Valley Oil respectively. Additionally, recycling has also not affect the adsorption capacity of adsorbent.
The results of this dissertation shows that modified UAOD process is technically feasible to effectively remove sulfur from diesel fuels. With appropriate design and use of chemicals, this process would provide a solution to produce ULSD that meets new environmental standards.
The Business plan on Law Enforcement Budget Process
The economic downturn of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The impact of this downturn will result in a change of how law enforcement services are ...
It has been shown by the results of this paper that sulfur removal from the diesel fuels can be done effectively by the employment of modified UAOD process. In addition, new environmental standards can be met easily by the production of ULSD by the utilization of appropriate design, as well as, chemicals during the process.
