ELECTRONIC JOURNALISM
Introduction
Journalism refers to the news and views provided in a concise or descriptive manner by different forms of media. It all began way back with the invention of printing press and also the urge for knowing about what is happening around us. After a lot of progress and development in the world in terms of technology, business growth, etc; journalism as well grew to great heights and is now growing faster than ever before.
In Journalism, a journalist is the one who reports the news he receives from various sources which can be informed to the general public by way of print, T.V, radio, etc. He reports it the way it is without giv1ing any judgments or opinions of his own. Journalism is not restricted to just politics or sports, it is very diverse and thus has many types.
TYPE OF JOURNALISM
Journalism can be categorized in terms of the medium;
1. Print Journalism: It includes newspapers, Magazine and journals. In print journalism one can work as editors, reporters, columnists, correspondents etc.
2. Electronic (audio/Visual) Journalism: It includes working for radio, television and the web. In the web, skilled people are required to maintain sites by web newspapers, which cater only to the web and do not have print editions and popular news papers and magazines that have their own web editors. In electronic journalism one can be a reporter, writer, editor, researcher correspondent and anchor.
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ELECTRONIC JOURNALISM
Electronic Journalism – known as “EJ” or “ENG” for Electronic News Gathering – is most associated with broadcast news where producers, reporters and editors make use of electronic recording device for gathering and presenting information in telecasts and radio transmissions reaching the public. The acquisition media of choice in 2005 are characterized by a variety of competing types or ‘formats’ of video tape. Sound recording and editing offer a large number of analogue and digital systems. Still images, graphic and animation have their own sets of tolls for fast and flexible assembly and delivery of electronically gathered and edited news reports.
VIDEO JOURNALISM
Television news via video is seen daily by millions of people around the world. Some of the typical uses include interviews, panel discussions, press conferences and speeches. Live television and pre-recorded video is also used in news coverage of accidents, natural disasters and war coverage. Newspapers are also using video journalism online.
Technical standards for video journalism
The National Archives of the United States holds a collection of some of earliest examples of historically significant motion picture films for the country and similar collections exist in other nation’s archives. From the earliest days of the medium’s existence, film cameras have been used for the acquisition of news elements and documentary footage. Film remained important in daily news operations until the late 1960s when news outlets turned to portable professional video cameras, portable recorders, wireless microphones and joined those with various microwave and satellite truck linked delivery systems. By the mid 1980s film had all but disappeared from use in television journalism.
The 1962 arrival of the Handy-Look, a portable video tape camera from Ikegami announced a revolution in journalism. This ‘Handy Look’ provided a self-contained system of camera with lens and video recorder, the precursor of today’s hand held cameras.
Photographs, graphics, animation
Apart from moving images and sound recording, electronic journalism makes liberal use of still images, graphics and animation in reports.
* In television, still photographs, may be used when no video camera can reach a correspondent or interview subject. A still photograph may also be used to show historically notable person and event or in any place where it aids the report. Photos may be recorded with a standard video camera or the photos can be placed on a special motion control device which allows precise computer controlled positioning. Whether shot in the field or in the studio, the camera operator might zoom, pan or tilt while recording the images. The director may use portions of this video or may digitally store some selected frames for insertion into the final report.
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* Graphics are used to report on financial markets, labor statistics, crop reports, municipal budgets and other instances where tabular data or charts are the best choice for explaining a story element. In electronic journalism, graphics are displayed while the reporter continues to read the script. The graphics, including fonts and titles, convey news worthy information, names and titles. The use of graphics also supports a station or network’s image. Graphics, in some cases, may open up some revenue generating opportunities to the content delivery channel.
* Animation is an effective tool for communicating views of a natural disaster or a tragic accident like a plane crash. Producers might turn to animation to explain a complex scientific process, economic or political polling trends; to illustrate news about space flights and many other appropriate uses. Meteorologists make use of simple and complex animation to show the path of storms.
AUDIO JOURNALISM
Radio has long been used to broadcast news as quickly as possible. Many important speeches and public events were covered on radio and still are today. With the growing availability of small, yet high-quality, cassette recorders, such as those from Marantz and Sony, radio reporters are able to make use of natural sounds and interviews which brings great detail to their reports. National Public Radio’s All Things Considered has been a pioneer in the use of such sound elements woven into the fabric of its reports.
Technical standards
A wide variety of audio recording formats is used in news rooms around the world. The standard report kit includes a battery operated cassette recorder with a dynamic microphone and optional telephone interface. With this set-up, the reporter can record interviews and natural sound and then play these over a telephone line for rerecording or live broadcast by the content provider (radio or TV station, cable outlet, web radio system).
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This offers a rugged and relatively simple system which can be placed into a single bag along with extra batteries, tape and supplies.
In addition to the standard compact cassette another popular choice is the digital minidisc. This has the advantage of superior sound, digital indexing and is re-recordable, reusable medium. The small cassette format known as DAT is popular with film makers and other studio professionals because of its superior sound quality and its SMPTE time code and other synchronization features. News gathering may also be accomplished with the use of recordable CD and DVD players and various fixed medium recording system.
Increasingly, physical formats such as DVD and minidisc are being phased out of newsrooms in favor of hard drive and flash memory recorders. These have the advantage of instant drag and drop transfer of audio, saving valuable staff time on waiting for material to load in to editing systems in real time.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC JOURNALISM
Advantages
– Easily accessible
– Continuously updated every second
– Free access online
– Able to gain more in depth information about certain issues that are not easily gained with the help of digital media systems, such as YouTube
Disadvantages
– Possible end to classic print journalism and newspapers
– Affects traditional intellectual and copyright laws
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– Role of the journalist will be affected and changed in the future
– May not remain free in the future
PRINCIPLE OF JOURNALISM
Both print and electronic journalists have developed nine core principles to meet the task. Such as;
* Journalism’s first obligation is to the truth.
* Its first loyalty is to citizens
* Its essence is a discipline of verification
* Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover
* It must serve as an independent monitor of power
* It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise
* It must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant
* It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional
* Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience.
Conclusion
Electronic Journalism is basically journalism, which is a getting a story, and informing the public on the happening of the event that took place. The only difference is the implementation of new technology such as computer, digital cameras, the internet, and web creation software. It is a very interesting profession in the field of mass communication. Now it has become a prestigious profession all over the world.
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[ 3 ]. Ajay Singh, E – Journalism (Jaipur: Preteeksha Publications,2011), 1-2.
[ 4 ]. Ibit., 2.
[ 5 ]. Ibit., 3.
[ 6 ]. Ibit., 4-5.
[ 7 ]. Cf., sghobadi485.blogspot.com/…/google-chrome-adbantages-and.html/10,February,2012.Cached
[ 8 ]. Ibit., 12-15.
