EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN BIONICS
ABSTRACT
The human body is one of the best creations of nature, for it is an amazing combination of muscles, sensory organs,neural networks etc. But over a period of time some of the natural combinations get damaged altogether. But over recent years the natural combinations are functioned by performing some operations. To graft a human organ or restore sensory perceptions to the human body, one major field working towards this is “BIONICS” an interdisciplinary approach where different technologies are coming together to make this scenario possible.
According to popular definition bionics are biomimetics is the application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. Bionics is generally about prosthetic arms or leg enhancements that are worn outside the body and , to some extent, even implanted sensor devices inside the body which are specifically enhanced to carry out routine tasks. These are essentially life systems that are powered by motors/actuators and sensory arrays. These send neural signals from the affected part of the body to the brain, by which individuals are able to perform some tasks independently.
In the quest for perfection, man is trying his best to develop biological systems with engineering precision, and some where in the near future we could have a truly bionic man. The good thing is that this could help the disabled and the ailing in a great way.
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Introduction
Our presentation deals with embedded systems in bionics. Bionics is nothing but a device to graft a human organ or restore sensory perceptions to the human body. Embedding a device in the place of worn out parts is nothing but bionics.
The history of bionics begins from ancient mythological times, where soldiers were reported to have replaced their mutilated limbs with artificial ones made of iron ore and gone out to battle. But the present day scenario is influenced by a variety of disciplines, viz. robotics, bioengineering and MEMS, with nano technology taking centre stage because it applies detailed precision to engineer body organs and make them function along with human tissues.
Advanced computer systems all functionally embedded in the human body. This particular human to machine interference, aptly termed as “cyborg entities” or “bionic bodies”, has helped people with physical disabilities by providing with artificial limbs, cochlear implants, artificial muscles and other organs to perform tasks enabling them to lead a notably better life style.
NATURAL HEART:
As we have the muscular body, we need some heart beat. Our heart is like the engine of the body, pumping blood to various organs and keeping us alive.
The four chambers of the heart are each made of cardiac muscle which contracts automatically, powerfully and without tiring as fast as 3 times per second for up to 100 years. The energy for a natural heart comes from respiration. The release of energy from glucose using oxygen, to make carbon dioxide and water. The glucose and the oxygen are carried to the heart in the blood, through the coronary artery (see photo below).
NATURAL HEART. A CORONARY ARTERY AND
VEIN ARE CLEARLY VISIBLE.
Coranary heart disease prevents the supply of blood to the heart muscle and it stops pumping.
TWO NATURAL HEARTS AS ONE:
In the natural hearts of all birds and mammals the blood flows separately through the two sides. In effect there are two pumps. Each pump is made from two heart chambers:
1. An Atrium, which collects blood from the veins and pumps it into the ventricle.
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2. A Ventricle, which has a strong muscular wall and pumps blood in pulses, at high pressure into the arteries
The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta and around the head and body.
The pulse rate is controlled by two sets of nerves which come from the brain. One set slows the heart rate and the others speed it up. This enables you to increase the supply of blood to your body organs when you increase your level of activity. (e.g. to your leg muscles when you run)
BLOOD FLOW:
Blood flows through the body with pulsing action. The walls of the aorta contain elastic fibres and muscle fibres which stretch in response to the pulse of blood each time the heart beats.
➢ Natural hearts are made of cardiac muscle
➢ Natural hearts are powered by glucose and oxygen.
➢ The blood flow from natural hearts is in pulses .
➢ Blood leaves a natural heart through the Aorta and Pulmonary.
IMPORTANT FEATURES OF coronary blood FLOW:
• Flow is tightly coupled to oxygen demand. This is necessary because the heart has a very high basal oxygen consumption (8-10 ml O2/min/100g) and the highest A-VO2 difference of a major organ (10-13 ml/100 ml). In non-diseased coronary vessels, whenever cardiac activity and oxygen consumption increases, there is an increase in coronary blood flow (active hyperemia) that is nearly proportionate to the increase in oxygen consumption.
• Good autoregulation between 60 and 200 mmHg perfusion pressure helps to maintain normal coronary blood flow whenever coronary perfusion pressure changes due to changes in aortic pressure.
• Adenosine is an important mediator of active hyperemia and auto regulation. It serves as a metabolic coupler between oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. Nitric oxide is also an important regulator of coronary blood flow.
BIONIC HEART:
Artificial development on the heart started around 1950’s when pacemakers were introduced that allowed people with heart problems some respite. Current pacemakers are tiny. In the technical sense, a pacemaker is a miniaturized electrical generator that consists of a battery that can last a number of years and a computer circuit neatly encased in plastic. This generates tiny electrical pulses to the heart and regulates the rhythm of the heart beat, while a doctor controls the software for the pacemaker.
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When both the left and right ventricles of your heart are damaged, only a donor heart transplantation, or a replacement heart can save your life. The AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart is designed for patients whose hearts have suffered irreparable damage to both ventricles. During the past six months heart patients in the USA have been given on of these totally artificial hearts as part of clinical trials.
How do these replacement “hearts” work and how do they differ from natural hearts?
ABIOCOR IMPLANTABLE REPLACEMENT HEART PROCEDURE PERFORMED AT JEWISH HOSPITAL BY UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE SURGEONS:
Louisville Jewish Hospital and the University of Louisville announced today…the world’s first implantation of ABIOMED, INC’s AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart, on Monday, July 2. …The patient is resting comfortably.
The AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart is intended as a substitute for severely diseased human hearts in patients suffering from coronary heart disease. When these patients are at risk of death, the AbioCor is designed to both extend life and provide a reasonable quality of life. After implantation, the device does not require any tubes or wires to pass through the skin. Power to drive the prosthetic heart is transmitted across the intact skin
TWO BIONICAL HEARTS AS ONE:
Just like the natural heart, the AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart consists of two blood pumps. The right chamber supplies blood to the lungs, while the left pump provides blood to other vital organs and the rest of the body. Each of the two pumps is capable of delivering more than eight litrers of blood every minute. The replacement heart is compact (about the size of a grapefruit) and quiet. A stethoscope is required to listen to the “heart sounds.”
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BLOOD FLOW:
The AbioCor system is designed to increase or decrease its pump rate in response to the body’s needs. It will generate pulsatile blood flow which safely mimics the heart’s pumping action.The AbioCor also includes an active monitoring system that provides detailed performance feedback and alarms in the event of irregularities.
| |
|With permission from AbioCor |
|Replacement Heart |
|replaces diseased |
|ventricles of failing heart |
ADVANTAGES:
1. Bionics help the disabled and the ailing in a great way.
2. By embedding this device in the worn out part ,the other parts of the body doesnot get affected by this device.
DISADVANTAGE:
1: Cost is very high so that some of the people cannot have its utilization.
|S.NO |NATURAL HEARTS |ABIOCOR HEART |
|1 |Natural hearts are made of cardiac muscle |but AbioCor hearts are driven by electricicty |
|2 |Natural hearts are powered by glucose and oxygen |and Replacement hearts have pulsatile blood flow |
|3 |The blood flow from natural hearts is in pulses |But AbioCor hearts are made from titanium and special plastic |
|4 |Blood leaves a natural heart through the Aorta and Pulmonary |And in the AbioCor it is the same two arteries |
| |Artery | |
COMPARE NATURAL HEARTS AND ABIOCOR HEART:
Many organ transplants fail because the recipient rejects the donated organ. Specifically, the proteins of a foreign body are what cause rejection; the recipient cannot mesh, at a biochemical level, with the donor. With artificial technologies, however, rejection is not a problem because the body does not reject plastic. Implantation works like this: the heart of the patient is removed, and cuffs are sewn onto the patients atria, connecting the artificial pumping chamber to the patient’s own vascular structure. The difficulty engineering this device should not be underestimated. The heart pumps 60 million times every year, with remarkable accuracy of rate and rhythm. It has to pump the proper volume through the body’s variously sized vessels, without causing thrombosis (a clot).
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The device will be powered by either an internal battery or a wireless external battery worn around the waist like a belt, but in both cases there are no wires or any other materials penetrating the patient’s skin.
The question doctors will soon have to face is who will get the first one. Initially, the device will probably serve as a bridge to transplant. In other words, the heart will be used to keep a person alive for a week, or perhaps even a month, while doctors wait for a suitable heart for transplant. The other possibility is that the first recipient is someone who has had a heart transplant, but is again suffering from heart failure. In this case, the person might volunteer to try a new technology because s/he has no other options. Whoever it is, people around the world will be watching the remarkable feat of medical engineering.
Conclusion
As India is a developing country. This development is mainly due to the application of electronic devices in any areas. this bionics is also a part of the electronic implantation which results in a great development of the country. In the coming years there will be many interesting developments in electronics. Let’s visualize a scenario somewhere in the future, if we go for heart treatment to the doctor, he suggests you replace your heart, as fresh body organs are in stock and it takes hardly a few minutes to get operated on. Those might be the days where a complete kit which includes ear, eye, lungs, kidney and other parts of the body. We are just getting closer to the above reality as machines are getting smarter and more powerful.
Thus this bionics helps for the disabled in a great way. But this technology is unavailable to us in present days. And it will be available to us in the near future. If once heart beat stops the man is completely died, but this bionics has the capacity to replace that heart.
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