Exam I Study Guide
Chapter 1:
1. What does the study of biology refer to?
2. What are the seven properties that we associate with life? Understand what each of them mean and be able to recognize examples.
3. What is life’s hierarchy of organization? Know the levels, know the levels in order, and know what each level includes or does not include (this is a big one).
4. What is a cell?
a. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? How are they similar? Know characteristics of both types of cells!
5. Understand how organisms exchange matter and energy.
b. What is the role of sunlight? What are producers vs. consumers?
c. What does chemical energy refer to?
d. Where does energy go? Does it “cycle” or “flow?”
6. What are genes? We will cover these in much greater depth later in the class but you should be aware of what they are composed of and the role that they play.
7. We classify life into three domains. What are they? What types of organisms are found in each domain? What are the differences between the domains?
8. You should know how life is classified (i.e., Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).
The Essay on Chemistry Energy Levels
The energy of the subshell increases as follows:4s<4p<4d<4f * “4s” has the greatest probability of being close to the nucleus * Subshells are limited to # of electrons they can hold ( 2 electrons per orbital) s=21s orbital d=105d orbital p=63p orbitals f=147f orbitals Assessment * How many p subshells are in the 4th energy level (n=4)? 34px 4py 4pz * What is the maximum number ...
9. Evolution is a core theme in biology, interconnected with the concepts we will discuss in depth. We will not talk about evolution in depth, in this class, but many topics covered will relate to evolution. As such, at minimum, you need to know a definition.
10. Understand the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. Given an example of reasoning, be able to identify whether it is inductive or deductive.
11. Understand the scientific method? You should have a very clear understanding of what the following terms refer to: observations, questions, hypotheses, conclusions, theories, independent variable, dependent variable, controlled experiment (or a “control” or “control group”), and experimental group.
Chapter 2-3:
1. What is matter? An element? An atom? A compound? A molecule? Know the differences between these terms!
2. What are the elements most essential to life? What are trace elements (examples of trace elements)?
3. Know the subatomic particles! For each one (electrons, protons, and neutrons), you should be able to state their charge and their mass.
a. What do atomic number and mass number (or atomic mass) represent? Be able to find these values on a periodic table and determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons of any given element.
4. What are isotopes? Radioactive isotopes?
b. What are the dangers of radioactive isotopes?
c. How can we use radioactive isotopes for medical diagnoses/treatments?
5. Understand electron shell diagrams (as at the bottom of p. 22).
This includes how many electrons can fit in each energy level. Be able to determine how many valence electrons a particular element has, given a periodic table.
6. What are chemical bonds?
d. Contrast covalent bonds and ionic bonds. What are they and how do the differ?
i. What are ions? How do ions form? Using a periodic table, you should be able to state the charge of a particular ion. For example, you should be able to tell that magnesium forms a 2+ ion (called a cation because it’s positive).
e. Understand the difference between nonpolar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds. What role does electronegativity play? How do nonpolar molecules interact with polar molecules? How do polar molecules interact with other polar molecules? How do polar molecules interact with ionic compounds?
The Essay on Water Pollution 16
Water Pollution People keep on throwing trash and industrial wastes into our clean water. If this continues, the quality of our water will deteriorate, and without it everything dies, including us. Water pollution is destroying our world, but fortunately we can count on special treatments for this kind of problem. What is water pollution? "It is the contamination of water by foreign matter such as ...
7. You should be able to determine how many covalent bonds a particular nonmetal can form.
8. How do hydrogen bonds form? How does their strength compare to the strength of covalent or ionic bonds? Do hydrogen bonds form within a molecule OR between molecules (or between parts of very large molecules)?
9. What happens during a chemical reaction? What are reactants? Products? Looking at an equation for a chemical reaction (e.g., 2H2 + O2 2H2O), be able to identify the reactants vs. the products.
10. Know major life-supporting properties of water!
f. What are cohesion and adhesion? What is surface tension? What allows water to partake in these phenomena? What roles do cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension play related to life (a few examples)?
g. What is evaporative cooling? How does water help to moderate body temperature? What is specific heat and how does water’s specific heat compare to
h. Why is ice less dense than liquid water? Is this normal for a solid vs. a liquid?
i. Understand the terms solvent, solute, and aqueous solution. Why does water act as a good solvent to polar solutes? Does water act as a good solvent to nonpolar solutes? Why or why not? Understand how solutes dissolve in water.
j. Distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic solutions.
11. Be familiar with the pH scale. Know the approximate pH of household items found on p. 28. What is a base? An acid? What ion do we expect to find a lot of in a base or an acid? What does a buffer do? How does the pH of a solution change if an acid is added vs. a base? How does the pH comparatively change if a buffer is present (as opposed to not being present)?
Chapter 4-5:
1. What are organic compounds? What are they always composed of?
a. What does a hydrocarbon refer to? In what ways can we see variation in hydrocarbons?
2. There are a number of functional groups found on p. 35. You should be able to recognize the names of the functional groups discussed in class as well as identify if they are polar, nonpolar, or ionic (and how they will interact with other polar/nonpolar/ionic groups).
The Essay on Ant Acid Water Beaker Base
TJ Gentile Bio lab 11/18/2003 Mrs. Trunfio Experiment 3: Acids and Bases Hypothesis: My Hypothesis is that Aspirin would be the Best buffer because it has a strong acid content and it May be able to withstand changes better. Materials Needed: -CBL System -TI Graphing Calculator -Venire pH System -Venire DIN adapter Cable -250- mL beaker -Various Biological Organisms -Various Non Biological ...
3. What is ATP? As a high energy molecule, what structural property causes it to be so energetic?
4. Understand what an isotope is and be able to distinguish between the three types of isomers: structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers.
5. What are polymers and monomers?
6. What types of reactions are involved in making polymers and breaking polymers? What role do enzymes play in these and other reactions?
7. Know, in depth, the four main classes of macromolecules!
b. Carbohydrates
i. What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides?
ii. Know common examples of both monosaccharides and polysaccharides.
iii. For the above examples, what functions do these molecules play? For example, what is starch used for? Glycogen? Cellulose? Chitin?
iv. You should know examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides that we discussed in class.
v. Be able to visually identify/recognize carbohydrates as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides.
c. Lipids
vi. Know these common types of lipids
1. Fats/oils
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
vii. For each type of lipid, you should know what it is composed of, what its properties are (is it polar? Nonpolar? Amphipathic, meaning polar on one side and nonpolar on the other?), and what function does each type of lipid have with regards to living cells.
viii. Understand the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats. How does the chemical difference lead to a structural difference? How does the structural difference lead to a functional difference?
ix. Be able to visually identify/recognize lipids (including fats/oils, steroids, and phospholipids).
d. Proteins
x. What monomers make up proteins? How many different monomers are there? What group is different from one monomer to the next?
The Essay on Polymers and their difference from monomers
What are Polymers? How are they different from Monomers?Polymers are large molecules composed of smaller molecules called monomers. Monomers are produced and either grow together or are assembled to produce a single polymer. There are synthetic and natural polymers. Some examples of natural polymers would be wood, starches, fingernails, and hair. Synthetic polymers are usually referred to as ...
xi. What do the terms polypeptide and peptide bond refer to? What is meant by the polypeptide backbone?
xii. What about a protein determines its function??
4. What are the different types of functions proteins may have? Note, they are the “doers” of the cell… refer to p. 43 for all sorts of different things they do. While they are all important roles, one of the most important is the role as enzymes.
xiii. What is the denaturation of a protein? What might cause a protein to denature?
xiv. What determines a protein’s shape?
5. Know the four levels of protein structure. You should clearly understand what each level of protein structure refers to. This includes knowing what types of bonding takes place, and between what parts of the amino acids, to maintain each level of protein structure. Also know between what groups that bonding takes place.
xv. Be able to visually identify/recognize proteins and their monomers (amino acids).
e. Nucleic acids
xvi. What are the two types of nucleic acids?
6. What are the differences between these nucleic acids?
xvii. What is a nucleotide? How many different types of nucleotides are there? How do the nucleotides differ from DNA to RNA? What do all nucleotides have in common? What changes between different nucleotides?
xviii. What shape does DNA have? This includes the double helix but also requires you understand complementary base pairing. Which nucleotides pair with which other nucleotides? What is meant by the DNA/RNA backbone?
xix. Be able to visually identify/recognize nucleic acids and their monomers, nucleotides.
