State educational institution
of higher professional education
Urals state pedagogical University
Reference work
on the subject of
“The interpretation of a text in English”
course:
“The English advanced”
Ekaterinburg,
2014
Contents:
Ernst Hemingway «The strange country». Analysis of the text. 3
1. A summary of the text 3
2. Analysis of the lexical fields of the story «The strange country» 5
3. The commenting on the story «The strange country» 8
Ernest Hamingway “The old man at the bridge” (1938) 10
1. A summary of the story “The old man at the bridge” 10
2. Analysis of the selected papagraph. 13
3. The analysis of the dialogue 15
Library 17
Ernst Hemingway «The strange country». Analysis of the text.
1. A summary of the text
1.1 The story of Ernest Hemingway’s «The strange country» is expressive prose sketches about the war and the fate of man. And again, about his loneliness, rejection, abandonment. The scenario space story limited to activities occurring within the military hospital, on her way to him from military barracks and what is going on with the characters of the story on the road and in the small Italian pubs, in which they go on the road.
1.2 However, it is precisely within this small space of the story deployed human tragedy associated with the horrors of war. From the beginning of his story the author strictly separates the two worlds: the world, where everything is still war and peace, where she had already ended. It is this separation it clearly indicates in its first sentence that begins the story. The characters of the story, soldiers, officers, wounded in the war and received injuries both physical and mental.
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1.3 the Author draws attention to two crucial points of his story, in respect of which he argues with himself and demonstrates the results of their reasoning reader of the story. The author has got good reasons inherent in his own fate. The first point refers to the division of the objective of wartime and subjective time, where war is no longer there. The second point relates to the consequences of that division. Those wounds on the body and soul of a man who left it there for the war.
1.4 The first sentence of the text of the story contains quite some гетерохрония – subjective coincidence of external military time with the internal time of the wounded officers, for whom the war is over. However, the first sentence finds definite logical connection with the last sentence of the story, where the mayor looked x-ray images in the window. It is the aspiration of the soul of the character in the future, and also aspiration of the soul of the author (Hemingway), as the major’s not interested in x-rays. What in the pictures – all this will come with time heals, but the wounds, which leaves a war of the heart of man, these wounds cannot be seen on x-rays, but they heal very very long time. Sometimes not time to heal within the whole life of a man who went to war and the war-torn.
1.5 The author breaks down the narrative, putting their lines in the mouth of one character, a young and little is know about the life of an officer, then another, older and experienced major, which shows a much more profound reflection of the events in the story. Generated by author antithesis gives rise to a contradiction in views of one and another character on the same events, and because he, himself, tells the story in the first person, and the old mayor characterize what is happening by using different from each other lexical means, different forming the syntax of the statements in rare for this genre dialogues, as well as different views on what is happening facts.
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1.6 The first sentence of the story introduces us into the inner world of its main characters. They are the creators of the war, but they are also children of war, and they are also victims of war. The strong position of the first proposal form a paradoxical combination of internal and external – the continuation of the war, as unnatural state contemporary author of mankind, and the end, the war for those who could feel her internal tragedy and hopelessness. This thesis again repeated by the author in the text because this main theme largely determines and directs the actions of the main characters in this story all along, even in some degree, provides the reader to realize that they are inconsistent, illogical and contradictory.
1.7 The disaster heroes of the story already took place. She was held for the whole of mankind, however, the rest of humanity lightly and shortsighted still does not see this disaster. Her story the author contrasts theatrical action taking place in the Italian pubs, carnival, a feast during the plague, painted girls and glossy magazines, hung for visitors along the tables. All they don’t want to know and hear about the war, but the war is near. They will lose. They have already lost the war. They do not hide from the war inside of roadside cafe, it will still get to them.
1.8 Incredible laconic reply major that the person who is going to the war, could not get married, have no right to start a family, almost immediately explained by the author to the reader. Yes – this person can lose everything. Therefore, the life he should look for something else. Something that is never lost. Mayor says this, already knowing he had suddenly lost his wife, and it was not even close. He could not be there, because he was in the war.
1.9 First of all, the author (Hemingway) assesses the discussion between young officer and the major very professionally, from the point of view of his personal military experience and personal stay in the war. Why war? Why? What are these wounds? Why these crippled body? Why broken destinies of those who went to war? Why all this? What is the good of it all? Author ruthlessly addresses all these questions the reader, he draws the reader to address these issues. He wants, he insists that the reader has not waited for him to finish and simple answer. These responses are absent because they simply can not be, because the war in its essence senseless, inhuman and anti-human. This is the message which the author sends his reader through this story.
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2. Analysis of the lexical fields of the story «The strange country»
2.1 The beginning of the story is the introduction and introductory paragraph of the main theme of the story, which then meaningful expanded and supplemented with new content and the stylistic nuances, arising due narrative expansion of scene space story, convergence descriptions of war around the place where the action unfolds the story, atmosphere, roadside pubs and hospital, that is, with a space of peace, is precarious, unstable world, surrounded by war and ready tomorrow to turn into a war. A short clip path, forming the basic environment in which the action occurs story, actually correlates with a fragment of a man, and this man is the author himself, Hemingway. The main idea of this work, therefore, is formed by means of a literary tools and techniques with the addition of the skill of the writer just as a sculptor gradually builds his sculpture from raw source material. The basic idea is life, and not just life, but life, opposing the war.
2.2 What the author supplements the basic theme of the story? With sufficient quantity of subject material, Hemingway tries to form an artistic image of the stranger, eternal wanderer, dressed in uniforms of the other powers, and abandoned in another country wicked winds of war and of his own destiny. Adding themes wounds, human suffering, both physical and mental, in his story Hemingway refutes the widely known pleasant, idle statement that good there where we are not. Showing the winter and cool Milan, the author paradoxically positioned it as unfriendly and unwelcoming place where bad because «we» (the heroes of the story) is there and badly there, first of all «we». Changing in the story of one another opposition of war and peace, the fate and predestination of life and death, approved by the author as something timeless, as personal story, which is more valuable for the characters, rather than the history of the world, leaving no place for the so-called background of topics connected with material basis. Like the artist – impressionist, the author builds his creation in large strokes, where one feeling replaces the other in a state of disharmony, and in the eternal search of harmony with him and with the outside world.
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2.3 Definition of the main themes by using connotations
2.3.1 Stylistic connotations: are determined by applying special stylistic techniques contrasting dark and light the time of day, the condition of refrigeration («cold wind») and heat (heat around the fire pit»), opposition thorough description of physiotherapeutic procedures designed to restore the function of the injured and wounded limbs with the emotional sense of futility and hopelessness of this treatment. To also, the author adds many war stories, connected with the stay in the war not only the main characters of the story, but those figures that it introduces to amplify the overall picture of the plot.
2.3.2 Assessment connotations: reflect shown through the characters of the story negative the author’s attitude to the war and its consequences – the numerous wounds and injuries, in addition, is the same attitude of the local population, the Italians to the U.S. military, as bearers of this war («Down with the officers!»), and precisely the same attitude the main heroes recovery capabilities modern medicine, and possible prospects for their cure. All this was the author through his characters gives a firm a negative assessment.
2.3.3 Emotional connotations – the common cold, unfriendly, dark background winter of Milan, within which the story unfolds the story, of course interacts with the theme of aliens, aliens in a foreign country, because this is the author’s technique, which only enhances this feeling, this feeling of rejection, stigma, feeling main character themselves different, that of the personal plan is transferred by the author in the plan outside of person. The tragedy of the human soul, not having dimensions in space and time, is positioned as the deepest, most fatal thing irreversible feeling incredibly worsening amid war, which for the heroes of the story is already over, but, at the same time, the war still continues. Consequently, there will be new wounds, new victims, new death.
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2.4 Semantic means of development of the main theme of the story are used by the author as of repetitions of the words and idiomatic, indicating, on the one hand, overcast and cheerless kinds of Milan, and on the other hand, – feelings despair and uncertainties that accompany the main characters of the story throughout their way to the hospital through the city.
Strong position had been styled by the author to way of combining the use of stylistic and lexical tools for the formation of the main theme of the story so that in the selected media jobs, the main theme was the impact of personal reflection of the author and his peculiarity of personal perception. The author takes the reader behind the development of the plot, paying attention to all strengths in which the main theme of the story is manifested most vividly and clearly.
Created lexical means and stylistic techniques contrast allows you to draw the reader’s attention to those aspects of the narrative that find paradoxical irreconcilability inside his perception («Who goes to war, has no right to marry» and the like).
Conducting the reader’s attention on the faces of contact констрастный concepts, opinions and feelings, the author refers to it these contradictions, which are incredibly aggravating personal human being on the verge of war and peace, giving it an objective, strong, emotionally intense tragedy.
3. The commenting on the story «The strange country»
3.1 Positioning of the text made by the author ambiguous: on the one hand, the text of a story is a completely finished product, on the other hand, the same story could be a military cycle, united more general topics, one of which is privately reflected by the author in the text of рессказ. The role of this story can be defined as a sketch of a series of memoirs and acute emotional impressions American servicemen returning from the front as a result there wounds.
3.2 Genre this work, a short story, novella, combining historical and military issues, which the author refracts through the prism of personal drama of the main characters of this work. The theme of war and peace among war, themes of rejection and exclusion connected with stay of the main characters of the story in a foreign country, painted by the author in deep and sharp psychology of feelings and experiences of the main characters. From the point of view of the plot of this work should be attributed to the military, or the front prose of small forms.
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3.3 Writing this story falls on the period of creation of the author (Hemingway), which is connected with his staying at the fronts of the First World war. It is known that Hemingway fought in the American housing (housing allies in the Western and the Southern Alps, located on the territory of Milan and Piedmont (North Italy).
Real front-line experience, multiplied by professional observance of the writer, was allowed to leave him his memories of the war in the form of a series of short stories, which belongs to this story.
3.4 The author formulates the contraposition of peace and war in the nonvanishing background to feelings of alienation, rejected, the unacceptability of war and those who embodies the war through the use of a series of facts in story: the time is split in the time before the war and a time of war, wounds, distance from their country and stay in a foreign country, a description of the healthcare mechanisms that restore functions of injured limbs, a description of the way to the hospital, a description of the internal atmosphere in the Italian pubs, the hostility of the local population to the American soldiers, conversations about the future and how now changed this future war.
3.5 The prevailing impression of this story, is associated with personal reflection are the main characters of the story of gravity of the military time, the consequences of war, and stay in the country, where they fought and where, in addition to the front lines, the wounded, they are not wanted. The author of the story builds his story in such a way that negative impression from the involvement of the main characters in the atmosphere of war is transferred to the reader of the story. The country is foreign, and the matter is, because of which the main characters were in this country is theirs, it profoundly repugnant personally to all of them. However, they performed it as the soldiers who brought the military oath. And they, having taken this oath, may not ask themselves clearly – why this war?
3.6 The linguistic means used by the author to express his own attitude to this period of his life, the story is quite varied. Among these, the language tools should include the following:
3.6.1 The Theme of war: war is still going, but for us it has already ended, nouns and adjectives, stylistic design of «war», «military», «army», «officers», «military time», «if there were no war» and the like.
3.6.2 The Theme of «stranger» in «other the country»: the attitude of the local population to the U.S. military, slogans and shouts «Off!» self-identification of the main characters, the impasse in the continuation of his present life, the uncertainty of future fate and the like.
3.6.3 Topic injuries and victims of war-time: old and new wounds, awards, and military the title for the stay at the front, the yearning for the lost opportunities, comparing the present with the past is not in favor of this, the feeling of terminality of its present condition and its irreversibility (the wounded man, and still he did not become ever).
3.7 Conclusion: the story of Ernest Hemingway refers one of the brightest and most prominent prose works of the author about the First world war, which is achieved by the combination of the author’s skill in the description of many details and facts surrounding the main characters, setting, with their deep and sharp personal experiences, through which the author carries the main idea of this story: the absurdity and cruelty of the war, which cannot be justified on any intentions of those who started the war. In this respect, military prose Hemingway reminds separate fragments of the novel «The war and the peace» by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy.
Ernest Hamingway “The old man at the bridge” (1938)
1. A summary of the story “The old man at the bridge”
1.1 The scenario space of the story significantly narrowed compared with the story «The strange country», whose characters even travel through the city, visit the hospital in roadside cafes and the like. The main character of this story is don’t even come up with one place where he sat down to rest, and all the small story (slice slice era) revolves around him. Here the author applies the reception гетерохрония, because the old man is now occurring around him, makes no sense and is not conscious of them. All this old man in the past, and the past is gone. The past, the fate of this man, his personal future, – all this ruthlessly took the war….
1.2. Two themes that from the outset faced by the author in this story, is the theme of the world belongs to the past and all the old welfare of the old man, and the theme of war, more precisely, the helplessness of ordinary human face of evil and the power of war. Past the old man go and people come, and he is sitting at the same place, because he had no strength to go. Yes and no place to go?… He wants to come back from the present to the past, but this is impossible, because the past is no more, because it took forever war….
1.3. And the first sentence (the unknown old man, sitting by the side of the road), and the last sentence of the story (the old man was lucky that day was cloudy and not bombed, and that cats are able to take care of themselves) is semantically connected by common sense, theme, full of despair and hopelessness future destiny of a person who is in ruthless claws war. The author doesn’t write just «lucky,» he writes, «finally lucky», hence – the end is near, close and inevitable. It anticipates and the main character of the story, the old man with glasses in the iron frame, but it has no physical possibility not only to turn back time, but even to ensure their own security, which tries to ensure an author of a story that appears in the text on the rights of the other main character.
1.4. Lexical levels used by the author for the evaluation of facts occurring in the story in the course of the story, naturally differ for the two main characters. It is connected mainly with various pictures of the world, which arise as a result of a different vision and a sense of what’s going on around you, old man and the author of the story. The old man of few words, his responses are weakly tied to the real situation, he seemed not to notice the many walking past him and trying to escape from war people. He is wise, he knows that in this way all those refugees will be able to change a less safe place for more secure, and is no more. The old man almost does not care about its own security. About this security longer have to worry author of story. He comes with the old man in the dialogue in order to explain to him the danger of happening, but the old man – all in the past. There were animals that lived with him, and here in the present, it is even more alone than in the past.
5. The strong position of the first sentence of the story is the original anonymity of the main character and the routine steps, the appropriate action (massive flight) – «sat at the edge of the road», «covered with dust», and the like. These minor details and then repeated by the author during the development of the plot of the story, all the more deepening the psychology of man’s relationship to evil rock wartime and exacerbating the tragedy of the hopelessness of his position in the face of the impending evil forces. The old man is deeply typical and individual at the same time. It is not he alone, and all this time, the war years, sitting by the side of the road. It is not he alone, and all this time covered road dust. And he is not alone, and this all the time somewhere runs, hoping to find refuge in foreign lands…This is not the time, it is timelessness, as symbolized in the story presented himself this old man by the bridge, the way in which shall be entered by the author in the first sentence. And the face of the old man in the iron glasses – it is the face of hard times….
6. Lexical and stylistic means, used by the author in this little sketch of wartime, repeating several times in the text of the story, make up a Central theme of his story. Firstly, it is a picture of Exodus: «the road», «the edge of the road», «the pontoon bridge», «women, children, carts, and again, ‘ wagons, trucks», «spokes» and so on. The second issue that arises already in the dialogue of the man with the military (the author of the story) is the theme of the animal man. «I was looking after the animals,» «I was looking there for animals», «there remained my Pets», «how are they doing without me?» «shooting started, and I had to leave them»…. The man took the whole meaning of his life – he was looking after the animals, and now, because of the war, no more of them. Consequently, and to live not for nothing. And it makes no sense to run somewhere, if there is no meaning to live.
7. The most concise fragment of this story is part of the dialogue: “You for whom?» – I asked. «No anyone,» he said. «I seventy-six years, I was twelve miles, and I have no strength to go.» The fragment is very short, only two replicas, but they illustrate vividly and boldly complete futility of war and the true value of those interests, ideas, claims, due to which most often wars occur. Using this great literary technique, the author claims that they are all not rest nothing.
8. Assessment of the whole situation with professional literary point of view, contains quite a specific author’s attitude to the events associated with the external circumstances of life of Ernest Hemingway, which was наиисан this story. About the attitude of Ernest Hemingway’s for war better than any other word says his series of military stories «A farewell to Arms» of 1929. The author hates war, as is well aware that, in whose interests is war. In the wave of these feelings Hemingway sent in Republican Spain, where shall the military ranks of fighters with the Pro-fascist regime of dictator Salazar Franco. There he protects the earth that great and ancient country with its people, which causes him incredible rise of creative energy and desire to write. This creates drama, «The fifth column», and followed her, – and also a number of stories. Among them – and this story, which had been published in 1938. The peak of the creative activity of this period is the novel «For Whom the Bell Tolls», 1940, the heroes of all these works have become the most ordinary, simple people, who sacrificed their health, well being, and often life itself war. All this was laid on the altar of so-called «public interest» and burned in the flame of that terrible and inhuman time. Ask not for whom the bell tolls, because always it tolls for you…..
2. Analysis of the selected papagraph.
2.1 Summary. This paragraph plays the role of an introduction to the main text of the story. The main style of this paragraph is descriptive because in a few sentences the author turns before a reader the whole picture of the action, within which unfolds the whole plot of the story. Lexical means used by the author in this paragraph, include names of nouns and verbs: people are coming, running, wagons and trucks crossing the bridge. This outcome. A mass escape from the horror beginning of the war. Much less in the text of this paragraph was descriptive and definitive lexical units: «iron glasses», «cart, drawn by mules», «banks», «peasants, walk slowly wuth ankle-deep in the dust». However, these small details make the whole picture of the description of this paragraph, some терминальность and irreversibility. Everything is in motion. At the same time, the last two sentences used to highlight the shape of the main hero «…and only the old man sat motionless» such as «background – figure», immediately drawing this character the reader’s attention on the laws of psychology of perception.
2.2 Rationale for selection. For the analysis of selected introductory paragraph of this story, because in another paragraph, the reference should be to make the analysis of the dialogue, and the rest of the text of a story it is one continuous dialogue with the exception of the first paragraph. In addition, the text of this paragraph is extremely typical for the entire war prose Hemingway, perfectly reflects its original style, and, at the same time, extremely realistic: all run, but a lonely old man, who has no special vehicle (wagon, truck), tired, because exhausted. Having depicted in several the proposals to universal flight, then the author goes on to analyze the shape of the main hero of the story, thus prepared for the reader dialogue with him.
2.3 Analysis of each sentence of the paragraph.
2.3.1 «Old man wearing an iron rim sat at the edge of the road; his clothes were covered with dust.» Is a central scenario space, against which the author further draws the picture of general escape. The old man is still unknown (to the reader), his face typically, older people often wear glasses. He was walking along with all (clothes covered in dust), but (apparently) tired.
2.3.2 «On the river was a pontoon bridge, and it crossed wagons, trucks, men, women and children» – the place of general river crossing, the author draws the reader’s attention that the pontoon bridge (temporary), as, possibly, permanent bridge has already been bombed by the aviation of the dictator Franco. The composition of refugees typical: people and vehicles (wagons, trucks).
2.3.3 «Drawn by mules wagons rumbled from the bridge on the steep coast, the soldiers pushed them, resting in the spokes.» – picture of the war time, which very often are used not only to describe the flight of the civilian population, but also for the retreat of the troops («soldiers… pushed them, resting in the spokes») after failures and defeats at the front.
2.3.4 “Truck crashing climbed up and fell, breaking away from the hustle, the peasants were dragged, rolling in the dust on the ankle.» – living, natural picture universal outcome, people go slowly «…buried in the dust by the ankle, they overtake trucks, which engines roar, when they climb on the rise (on a steep river bank).
2.3.5 «But the old man sat motionless.» – the act of demarcation (highlight) the main character throughout the rest of the picture story. The author therefore have noticed him that the old man sat motionless and do not fled with the rest.
2.3.6, « He’s too tired to go on.» – explanatory structure to the previous proposal with which it can be combined by the unions «because of» or «because». The author chose to separate these two proposals. The explanation is natural: the old man, so, of course, tired and cannot continue. Hereinafter in the text of the story the main character (the old man) confirms this.
2.4 Conclusion – the value of the extracted information for evaluation of the entire text of the story. This paragraph is used as a mini-text performing the functions of the introductory paragraph, consisting of the six proposals, in which the author solves two tasks: first, it provides a general picture of the space in which unfolds further the plot of the story, and, secondly, it highlights the main character out of all of this painting of the second plan (universal escape.)
2.5 Personal impressions. Embodied by the author in the text of this paragraph, the picture is rather typical and extremely plausible for this type of situation. Descriptions of this type are often used by writers for writing script films about war, where there are scenes of escape. Such scenes can be observed in almost every feature film about the war, as in every war, some armed forces are coming, and others retreating and hostages each of war become civilians, because bullets and shells do not dismantle militarian from civilian, so the latter is almost always have to escape from war to escape.
3. The analysis of the dialogue
3.1 Dialogue – the overall plan. In the dialogue unfolds scheme incomplete («road», «situational») Dating between the main character of the story (the old man) and the second person on behalf of which leads narration by the author. Hemingway draws the attention of the reader on the paradoxical in chronological relation to the dynamics of deployment of dialogue: announcing the name of his native city (San Carlos), the old man immediately ретроспектировать the whole plan of communication in the past («I was looking there for the animals»).
Any question on behalf of the author old man retrospectively referated this last time such a way that a second person («That as I said, not quite understanding…») did not even understand it.
3.2 Analysis of each sentence in the dialogue.
3.2.1 «Where are you coming from? “I asked him.» – starting replica, which is the starting paragraph establish communication between the parties to the dialogue. This question implies a very specific answer, which should in the second replica.
3.2.2, « San Carlos, ” he said and smiled.» – a tired smile on the face of the old man characterizes the positive emotions that arise when thinking about the place where he had to flee together with all due to the impending war.
3.2.3 It was his native city, he was pleased to speak about him, and he smiled.» – author’s remark, confirming the emotional state of a man during an answer to the first question of the author.
3.2.4 «I was looking after the animals, ” he explained.» the unexpected reversal of the plot of the narrative, some hint on possible professional affiliation of the old man.
3.2.5 « ” Oh, ” I said, not quite understanding.» – expression of bewilderment of the author regarding the relevance (appropriateness) this answer, the old man.
3.2.6 «Yes, ” said he, ” I was there because I had to look after the animals. I left San Carlos last.» – the man who goes out of town last, is the most compelling reason not to leave him. However, the old man still had to do it.
3.2.7 He was not like neither shepherd, neither on the swineherd; I looked at his black dusty clothes, on a grey, dusty face and glasses in the iron frame and asked:
– What animals?» – the author tries to clarify the unclear answer of the old man, using his author’s remark that demonstrates the discrepancy external looking old man with what he said.
3.2.7 «Different, ” he said and shook his head. – Had to leave them.» – the final remark of this fragment in the form of a dialogue, followed by the author’s text. In this last remark, with all its lexical stinginess, and actually says very much.
3.3 Conclusion. The value of the information contained in the dialogue for the further development of the plot of the story is destiny. The fate of a refugee. Some are fleeing from San Carlos, others from other cities and villages. War does not spare anybody. That some animals when she does not spare even people. Dark, blind, merciless forces of the armed conflict, breaking the fate of ordinary people as well as an evil and a bitter wind breaks branches on the tree. The old man spoke about his affection and about whom he is responsible. Was the answer, because the war ruthlessly and blindly has broken this link. What I saw Hemingway on the side of the road about a pontoon bridge is, unfortunately, a great many lives, this is not only the life of the old-man, because it is a fortune of everyone….
Library
1. Hamingway E. The strange country – at Hamingway E. A farewell to arms – L.: Kapo publishers, 2011. 416 p.
2. Hamingway E. The old man at the bridge -– at Hamingway E. A farewell to arms – L.: Kapo publishers, 2011. 416 p.
3. Postolovskaya N.A. Interpretation through self-access = didactic material for self-study [Text]: the manual; Ural. state PED. Univ – Ekaterinburg 2010 – 28 p.
4. Razinkina IM Stylistics scientific text – Moscow: Librokom, 2009, 218 p.
5. Tsaturova A., I. Kashirina Translation and text analysis. English – Moscow: Prospect, 2008, 304 p.
6. Methodological foundations of analysis of English text– access code http://www.pandia.ru/text/77/303/30442.php
