How India Become World Guru, Sample of Dissertations

18 pages, 8523 words

THE VERB “TO BE”

I am

she is

you are

he is

we are

it is

they are

you are

THE ENGLISH QUESTION

3.3

She

okay.

she okay?

You

are

sick.

Are

you sick?

The

child is here.

Is the child here?

Your

arm is hurt.

Is your arm hurt?

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1.14

USING “A” OR “AN”

a + a word beginning with

an emergency

an identification card

an office

an unknown child

a bus stop

a car

a father

a man

a wife

a + a word beginning with all other letters

an ambulance

a Phone

In the office:

an office

a large office

At the emergency:

an emergency

a medical emergency

With the ambulance:

an ambulance

a licensed ambulance

The card:

a card

an identification card

The number:

a number

an insurance number

The day at work:

a work day

an emergency work day

Spoken English Learned Quickly

2 pages, 703 words

The Essay on Identify the statutory and voluntary agencies who may work together at the scene of an emergency incident

P3 – identify the statutory and voluntary agencies who may work together at the scene of an emergency incident Statutory and voluntary agencies: Statutory agencies are services like the police, fire and ambulance. These will always join an emergency incident. However at some incidents they will be helped by voluntary agencies like: St John Ambulance – St John Ambulance is a charitable ...

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1.15

DAYS, MONTHS AND HOLIDAYS

Days of the week

Sunday (Sun.)

Thursday (Thur.)

Monday (Mon.)

Friday (Fri.)

Tuesday (Tue.)

Saturday (Sat.)

Wednesday (Wed.)

Months of the year

January (Jan.)

July (July)

February (Feb.)

August (Aug.)

March (Mar.)

September (Sept.)

April (Apr.)

October (Oct.)

May (May)

November (Nov.)

June (June)

December (Dec.)

Holidays

New Year’s Day (January 1) Labor Day (September)

Valentine’s Day (February 14) Thanksgiving (November)

Easter (March or April)

Hanukkah (December)

Memorial Day (May)

Christmas (December 25)

Independence Day (July 4)

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1.16

“TO BE,” “TO DO,” “TO HAVE” AND “TO GO”

PRESENT TENSE

To Be

1 person

I am

am I?

you are

are you?

he is

is he?

she is

is she?

it is

is it?

2 or more people

we are

are we?

you are

are you?

they are

are they?

2.4a

To Do

1 person

I do

you do

he does

she does

it does

do I?

do you?

does he?

does she?

does it?

2 or more people

we do

do we?

you do

do you?

they do

do they?

2.4b

To Have

1 person

I have

have I?

you have

have you?

he has

has he?

she has

has she?

it has

has it?

2 or more people

we have

have we?

you have

have you?

they have have they?

8.5b

To Go

1 person

5 pages, 2167 words

The Term Paper on Research Of Copyright Involving Entertainment Law Tieing The Legal Issue part 1

Research of Copyright involving Entertainment Law tieing the legal issue to Universal Music suing of Grouper.com and Bolt.com. No of pages 4 style MLA Abstract and bibliography, No of sources: 6 3 books and 3 internet sources Deadline Nov 11 Dawn of computers and internet technology and rapid economic and communication development has compelled the society to access to modern information ...

I go

do I go?

you go

do you go?

he goes

does he go?

she goes does she go?

it goes

does it go?

Spoken English Learned Quickly

2 or more people

we go

do we go?

you go

do you go?

they go

do they go?

12.5b

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2.20

VERB TABLE

The verb “To Be” (irregular)

To … form: to be

Command form: Be

…ing form: being

X been: It is been is infrequently or never used.

Present: I am / he (she, it) is / you are / we are / they are

Past: I was / he (she, it) was / you were / we were / they were

Future: I will (shall) be / he (she, it) will (shall) be / you will (shall)

be / we will (shall) be / they will (shall) be

The verb “To look” (regular)

To … form: to look

Command form: Look

…ing form: looking

looked: It is looked / It was looked / It will be looked /

Present: I look / he (she, it) looks / you look / we look / they look

Past: I looked / he (she, it) looked / you looked / we looked / they

looked

Future: I will (shall) look / he (she, it) will (shall) look / you will (shall)

look / we will (shall) look / they will (shall) look

The verb “To watch” (regular)

To watch … form: to watch

Command form: Watch

…ing form: watching

watched: It is watched / It was watched / It will be watched /

Present: I watch / he (she, it) watches / you watch / we watch / they

watch

Past: I watched / he (she, it) watched / you watched / we

watched / they watched

Future: I will (shall) watch / he (she, it) will (shall) watch / you will

(shall) watch / we will (shall) watch / they will (shall) watch

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3.20

“CAN” AND “MAY”

“May” asks permission:

1 page, 391 words

The Essay on American Scholar Books Emerson Talks

The essay The American Scholar by Ralph Emerson Waldo basically consists of three main parts. First Emerson writes about the scholar's resources, which are nature, books, and experience. Second he writes about the scholar's duties, which are basically to trust yourself and your intuitions, no matter what society tells you. Third, he writes about the condition of American scholars during 1800 s, ...

● May I see your driver’s license? = I am asking permission to see your

driver’s license.

● May I see some personal identification? = I am asking permission to see

your personal identification.

“Can” asks if someone is able:

● Can you tell me where the store is? = I am asking if you are able to tell me

where the store is.

● Can you tell me where to find groceries? = I am asking if you are able to tell

me where to find groceries.

Example:

Do you have a phone? May I call you? Can I reach you by phone?

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3.21

WORDS THAT REPLACE A NAME

Who is talking?

Whose is it?

…to whom?

I talk to them.

He talks to me.

It is my book.

It’s mine.

He talks to them.

He talks to him.

It is his book.

It’s his.

She talks to them.

He talks to her.

It is her book.

It’s hers.

It talks to them.

He talks to it.

It is its book.

You talk to them.

He talks to you.

It is your book.

It’s yours.

We talk to them.

He talks to us.

It is our book.

It’s ours.

They talk to them.

He talks to them.

It is their book.

It’s theirs.

Its means that it belongs to it.

5.10

5.11

It is becomes it’s when shortened.

DOING SOMETHING WITHOUT HELP

I will do it by myself.

means,

I will do it alone.

He will do it by himself.

means,

He will do it alone.

She will do it by herself.

means,

She will do it alone.

It will do it by itself.

means,

It will do it alone.

You will do it by yourself.

means,

You will do it by yourselves.

means,

We will do it by ourselves.

means,

They will do it by themselves.

means,

You will do it alone.

You and at least one other person will do it

together, but no one else will help you.

2 pages, 769 words

The Essay on Stephen King Book John Coffey

There are a number of reasons for choosing a book by the author selected Stephen King. I have read a number of other novels by this author and thoroughly enjoyed reading each one even though some are very long. In addition, the author always creates a good story with complete character descriptions both physical and mental without tiring the reader. Another thing Stephen King does well is ...

I and at least one other person will do it

together, but no one else will help us.

Two or more people will do it together, but

no one else will help them.

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5.26

MAKING A STRONG EMPHASIS

I did it myself.

He (or John) did it himself.

She (or Jane) did it herself.

You did it yourself.

means,

You did it yourselves.

means,

We did it ourselves.

means,

They did it themselves.

means,

I, and only I, did it.

He (or John), and only he (or John), did it.

She (or Jane), and only she (or Jane), did it.

You, and only you alone, did it.

You and at least one other person, and only

you and that other person (or those other

people), did it.

I and at least one other person, and only I and

that other person (or those other people), did it.

Two or more people, and only those two or

more people, did it.

“TO,” “TWO,” AND “TOO”

To =

I gave the book

John. = I gave the book to John.

Two 1 + 1 = 2

I gave John 2 books. = I gave John two books.

Too = excess

I gave John more books than he wants. = I gave John too many books.

Too = also

I also gave a book to Mary. = I gave a book to Mary, too.

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5.27

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE?

TOMORROW (Future)

I will call

I will be calling

I will call at three o’clock tomorrow.

I will be calling tomorrow afternoon.

TODAY (Present)

she calls

she is calling

She calls me every day.

She is calling about the emergency.

YESTERDAY (Past)

we called

we were calling

We called at seven o’clock.

We were calling all evening.

Spoken English Learned Quickly

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1 page, 284 words

The Essay on Summary of the book Annie John

This book is a book of reality, a book of self-discovery. This is a book that you read and as you are reading it you can identify with the character, what he/she does and how she/he reacts to happenings around her/him. The story is set in and around the Dominican Republic, around the 1950-60?s. The main character in this book is Annie John, she is a black girl in a English ruled and own colony. ...

5.28

DOING TWO THINGS TOGETHER

TOMORROW (Future)

he will leave

while saying

While saying goodbye, he will leave.

TODAY (Present)

he leaves

while saying

While saying goodbye, he leaves.

YESTERDAY (Past)

after saying

he left

After saying goodbye, he left.

Spoken English Learned Quickly

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5.29

PRONOUNCING “…ED”

after …a

after …b

after …c

after …d

recorded

after …be

bribed

bribd

after …ce

pronounced pronounct

after …ge

judged

judgd

after …ie

died

after …ke

liked

likt

after …le

handled

handld

after …pe

hoped

hopet

after …se

promised

promist

after …se

used

after …te

substituted

after …ue

continued

continud

after …ve

lived

livd

owed

after …ze

realized

realizd

after …g

begged

beggd

after …k

talked

talkt

exclaimed

after …we owe

after …f

after …h

reached

reacht

after …j

after …i

after …l

called

calld

after …m

after …n

listened

lis’end

after …o

after …p

helped

helpt

after …q

after …r

ordered

orderd

after …s

dressed

dresst

after …t

waited

after …th

breathed

breathd

after …v

after …u

after …w

reviewed

reviewd

after …x

fixed

fixt

after …y

studied

3 pages, 1217 words

The Essay on Students Who Speak a Language Other Than English

Students who speak a language other than English at home and who are not proficient in English are known as English learners (ELs). These students constitute nearly one-third of California’s elementary school students and one-quarter of all K–12 students. As might be expected, these students’ incomplete mastery of English adversely affects their academic performance. Given that proficiency in ...

after …z

criticized

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5.30

PUTTING WORDS IN THEIR CORRECT PLACE

(My name)

John

Jane

The thing

(Your name)

Jane and I

John and Mary

go(es) home.

He promised the house to me.

I brought the instructions to you.

His wife gave Mary the money.

They will give the car to you.

He gave Jane the books.

Spoken English Learned Quickly

She

You

They

go(es) home.

He promised it to me.

I brought them to you.

His wife gave it to Mary.

They will give it to you.

He gave them to Jane.

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6.22

USING THE CORRECT WORD

He goes.

We go.

They go.

It comes.

They come.

John = he

John and I = we

John and Peter = they

the bus = it

the car and bus = they

Everyone = 1 person

Everything = 1 thing

Someone = 1 person

Something = 1 thing

Both = 2 persons or things

All = 2 or more

Spoken English Learned Quickly

she runs

it works

he is

it is

they were

they stand

John goes.

John and I go.

John and Peter go.

The bus comes.

The car and bus come together.

Everyone runs fast.

Everything works okay.

Someone is listening.

Something is strange.

Both children were good.

All the people must stand.

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6.23

USING APOSTROPHES

8.1

John’s book

the brothers’ book

the man’s car

the men’s car

the witness’s (or witness’) book

the witness’s (or witness’) books

The book belongs to John.

The book belongs to two or more brothers.

The car belongs to one man.

One car belongs to two or more men.

The book belongs to one witness.

One witness owns more than one book.

The book belongs to two or more

the witnesses’ book

witnesses.

Two or more witnesses each own more

the witnesses’ books

than one book.

Two or more witnesses are looking at

the witnesses are looking at a book

books they each own.

Two or more witnesses are looking at one

or more books they each own.

the witnesses are looking at their

books

Two or more witnesses are looking at two

or more books they all own together.

someone’s car

The car belongs to someone.

something’s help

The help belongs to something.

something’s open

Something is open.

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7.20

SOME EXAMPLES OF TWO WORDS BECOMING ONE

I + am = Iam = I’m

it + is = itis = it’s

he + is = heis = he’s

she + is = sheis = she’s

we + are = weare = we’re

you + are = youare = you’re

they + are = theyare = they’re

that + is = thatis = that’s

I + will = Iwill = I’ll

he + will = hewill = he’ll

she + will = shewill = she’ll

it + will = itwill = it’ll

we + will = wewill = we’ll

you + will = youwill = you’ll

they + will = theywill = they’ll

that + will = thatwill = that’ll

this + will = thiswill = this’ll

I + have = Ihave = I’ve

he + has = hehas = he’s

she + has = shehas = she’s

we + have = wehave = we’ve

you + have = youhave = you’ve

they + have = theyhave = they’ve

I + had = Ihad = I’d

he + had = hehad = he’d

she + had = shehad = she’d

we + had = wehad = we’d

you + had = youhad = you’d

they + had = theyhad = they’d

will + not = willnot = won’t

Spoken English Learned Quickly

I’m fine.

It’s fine.

He’s fine.

She’s fine.

We’re fine.

You’re fine.

They’re fine.

That’s okay.

I’ll pay the money.

He’ll pay the money.

She’ll pay the money.

It’ll pay the money.

We’ll pay the money.

You’ll pay the money.

They’ll pay the money.

That’ll be fine.

This’ll be fine.

I’ve taken the money.

He’s taken the money.

She’s taken the money.

We’ve taken the money.

You’ve taken the money.

They’ve taken the money.

I’d like to go.

He’d like to go.

She’d like to go.

We’d like to go.

You’d like to go.

They’d like to go.

It won’t work.

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7.21

SOME EXAMPLES OF TWO WORDS BECOMING ONE (continued)

do + not = donot = don’t

does + not = doesnot = doesn’t

did + not = didnot = didn’t

should + not = shouldnot = shouldn’t

could + not = couldnot = couldn’t

would + not = wouldnot = wouldn’t

can + not = cannot

cannot = can’t

are + not = arenot = aren’t

had + not = hadnot = hadn’t

have + not = havenot = haven’t

They don’t work.

It doesn’t work.

She didn’t go.

She shouldn’t go.

They couldn’t go.

We wouldn’t go.

You cannot go.

We can’t go.

You aren’t starting.

They hadn’t started.

They haven’t started.

AIN’T IS NEVER CORRECT.

am + not = ain’t

is + not = ain’t

are + not = ain’t

Spoken English Learned Quickly

I ain’t listening.

He ain’t listening.

They ain’t listening.

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7.22

WORDS DESCRIBING LOCATION

14.5

above

over

around

before

(in front of)

in (inside)

after

(behind)

outside

into

through

across

toward

beside

(by, close or

near)

out of

from

between

under

below

down

Spoken English Learned Quickly

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7.23

13.7

WORDS THAT DESCRIBE

big

black

dark

dull

early

fast

fat

few

fine

good

grand

hard

healthy

holy

hot

kind

large

late

angry

bad

bold

bright

clean

clear

cold

cool

bright

clean

bigger

blacker

darker

duller

earlier

faster

fatter

fewer

finer

better

grander

harder

healthier

holier

hotter

kinder

larger

later

angrier

worse

bolder

brighter

cleaner

clearer

closer

colder

cooler

brighter

cleaner

Spoken English Learned Quickly

13.8

biggest

blackest

darkest

dullest

earliest

fastest

fattest

fewest

finest

best

grandest

hardest

healthiest

holiest

hottest

kindest

largest

latest

angriest

worst

boldest

brightest

cleanest

clearest

closest

coldest

coolest

brightest

cleanest

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angrily

badly

boldly

brightly

cleanly

clearly

closely

coldly

coolly

brightly

cleanly

8.19

WORDS THAT DESCRIBE (continued)

clear

cold

cool

deep

full

great

happy

heavy

high

light

loud

mean

neat

nice

noisy

quick

sad

sharp

shy

slow

smooth

strict

strong

sweet

tight

warm

clearer

closer

colder

cooler

deeper

fuller

greater

happier

heavier

higher

lighter

louder

meaner

neater

nicer

noisier

quicker

sadder

sharper

shyer

slower

smoother

stricter

stronger

sweeter

tighter

warmer

Spoken English Learned Quickly

clearest

closest

coldest

coolest

deepest

fullest

greatest

happiest

heaviest

highest

lightest

loudest

meanest

neater

nicest

noisiest

quickest

saddest

sharpest

shyest

slowest

smoothest

strictest

strongest

sweetest

tightest

warmest

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clearly

closely

coldly

coolly

deeply

fully

greatly

happily

heavily

highly

lightly

loudly

meanly

neatly

nicely

noisily

quickly

sadly

sharply

shyly

slowly

smoothly

strictly

strongly

sweetly

tightly

warmly

8.20

WORDS THAT DESCRIBE (continued)

attractive

beautiful

clever

cruel

deceitful

famous

furious

jealous

peaceful

personal

powerful

public

religious

responsible

shameful

wicked

worthy

more attractive

more beautiful

more clever

more cruel

more deceitful

more famous

more furious

more jealous

more peaceful

more personal

more powerful

more public

more religious

more responsible

more shameful

more wicked

more worthy

Spoken English Learned Quickly

most attractive

most beautiful

most cleaver

most cruel

most deceitful

most famous

most furious

most jealous

most peaceful

most personal

most powerful

most public

most religious

most responsible

most shameful

most wicked

most worthy

attractively

beautifully

cleverly

cruelly

deceitfully

famously

furiously

jealously

peacefully

personally

powerfully

publicly

religiously

responsibly

shamefully

wickedly

worthily

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8.21

NUMBERS

The #

The word

zero

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ten

eleven

twelve

thirteen

fourteen

fifteen

sixteen

seventeen

eighteen

nineteen

twenty

twenty one

twenty two

thirty

thirty three

thirty four

forty

forty five

forty six

fifty

Spoken English Learned Quickly

The word used in a sentence.

There were no children.

There was one boy.

There were two boys.

There were three children.

There are four girls.

There were five men.

There are six people.

There are seven children.

There will be eight men.

We have nine books.

We have 10 books.

We have 11 books.

There were 12 boys.

We have 13 stores.

There are 14 girls.

The city owns 15 buses.

There are 16 stores.

We had 17 cards.

There are 18 children.

There will be 19 men.

We have 20 books.

The city owns 21 buses.

There will be 22 houses.

There are 30 in the group.

There will be 33 men.

There were 34 children.

There are around 40 boys.

There are 45 stores.

We had 46 cards.

There will be 50 gifts.

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8.22

NUMBERS (continued)

100

101

110

120

200

230

235

1008

1026

1480

1487

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

fifty seven

fifty eight

sixty

sixty nine

seventy

eighty

ninety

one hundred

one hundred (and) one

one hundred (and) ten

one hundred (and) twenty

two hundred

two hundred (and) thirty

two hundred (and) thirty five

one thousand (and) eight

one thousand (and) twenty six

one thousand four hundred (and) eighty

There will be 57 cars.

There were 58 children.

There are 60 in the group.

We have 69 books.

We had 70 children here.

The city owns 80 buses.

There will be 90 men.

There are around 100 boys.

There will be 101 gifts.

The city owns 110 buses.

We had 120 girls.

There will be 200 houses.

There were 230 people.

There are 235 in the group.

We have 1,008 books.

We had 1,026 people.

one thousand four hundred (and) eighty seven

There were 1,487 people.

first

second

third

fourth

fifth

sixth

seventh

eighth

ninth

tenth

Spoken English Learned Quickly

There are about 1,480 books.

It was the first time they walked.

There will be a second leader.

There was a third murder.

This will be the fourth time it was destroyed.

It will be the fifth gift he has given to us.

That will be the sixth card he has handed over.

She is the seventh ancestor we found.

Why was the eighth man here?

Is the ninth book his?

They all looked at the tenth word.

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8.23

“WILL” AND “MAY” OR “MIGHT”

11.3

“Will” indicates certainty.

I will go tomorrow.

He will talk about the emergency.

It will be a large amount of money.

They will do all of their work.

“May” or “Might” indicates doubt.

Stronger Possibility

I may go tomorrow.

He may talk about the emergency.

It may be a large amount of money.

They may do all of their work.

Weaker Possibility

I might go tomorrow.

He might talk about the emergency.

It might be a large amount of money.

They might do all of their work.

I will go tomorrow. (It is certain.)

I may go tomorrow. (I will decide later.)

I might go tomorrow. (But I probably will not.)

Spoken English Learned Quickly

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9.20

HELPING VERBS

Helping verbs that do not change form.

can

could

may

might

must

shall

should

will

would

I can go.

I could go.

I may go.

I might go.

I must go.

I shall go.

I should go.

I will go.

I would go.

I am able to go.

I have permission to go.

It is possible that I will go.

I could go but probably will not.

I will go because I do not have a choice.

It is inevitable that I will go.

I should go but don’t want to.

It is certain that I will go.

I would go if I could, but I cannot

These helping verbs do not change form with person or time. For example: I might

go. He might go. You might go. We might go. They might go.

Helping verbs that change form.

Verb

TO DO

TO HAVE

TO BE

Regular forms

do, does, did

have, has, had

be, am, is, are, was, were, being,

been

Negative forms

don’t, doesn’t, didn’t

haven’t, hasn’t, hadn’t

isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t,

weren’t

These helping verbs change form with person and time. For example: I do go. He

does go. You do go. I did go. We did go. They did go. I have gone. He has gone.

We have gone. I had gone. She had gone. We had gone.

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9.21

DON’T USE TWO NEGATIVES

He doesn’t have no money.

He doesn’t have any money

He has no money

We didn’t do nothing yesterday.

We didn’t do anything yesterday.

We did nothing yesterday.

You don’t know nothing about it.

You don’t know anything about it.

You know nothing about it.

They won’t see no one there.

They won’t see anyone there.

They will see no one there.

We aren’t going nowhere tomorrow.

We aren’t going anywhere tomorrow.

We are going nowhere tomorrow.

I didn’t get none of it.

I didn’t get any of it.

I got none of it.

We didn’t see nobody there.

We didn’t see anybody there.

We saw nobody there.

I don’t have neither money or food.

I don’t have either money or food.

I have neither money nor food.

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10.15

THE VERB AGREES WITH ITS SUBJECT

women agree

group agrees

students learn

school teaches

children take

family takes

Peter runs

John and Peter run

car is

car and bus are

hand was

hand and arm were

The women from that group always agree to control it.

That group of women always agrees to control it.

The students in this school learn English.

This school for men teaches English.

The children from this family take a part with us.

This family with three children takes a part with us.

he runs

Peter sometimes runs.

they run

John and Peter sometimes run together.

it is

The car is on the road.

they are

The car and bus are on the road.

it was

His hand was hurt.

they were

Both his hand and arm were hurt.

THE USE OF “OTHER”

another is (one person)

others are (two or more people)

the other is (one person)

the others are (two or more people)

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Another man is strong.

Others are strong.

The other man is strong.

The others are strong.

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11.21

THE FAMILY

great grandfather

great grandmother

great uncle

grandfather

grandmother

grandfather

paternal

uncle

aunt

cousins

grandmother

maternal

parents

aunt

brother

niece

father

mother

sisterin-law

(brother’s

wife)

uncle

aunt

brotherin-law

(sister’s

husband

sister

nephew niece

brother’s family

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nephew

sister’s family

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11.22

THE TIME OF THE VERB’S ACTION

Two past actions happened at the same time.

She

The car

Two actions happened together.

said “hello” when she entered

ran out of gas and stopped.

sent the gift when we knew

the house.

she left.

One past action happened before the other.

The first past time.

She had already

The car had run out of gas

We had already sent the gift

The second past time. The completed action.

entered the house

before she said “hello.”

before it stopped.

before we knew

she left.

Two future actions will happen at the same time.

She

The car

Two actions will happen together.

will say “hello” when you enter

will run out of gas and stop.

will send the gift when we know

the house.

she is leaving.

One future action will happen before the other.

The first future time.

She will have said “hello”

The car will have run out of gas

We will have sent the gift

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The second future time.

before you enter the house.

before it stops.

before we know she is leaving.

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12.22

“WHERE” AND “WHEN”

Where and a place

Where is used to ask a question about a place.

Where will they go tomorrow?

Where is my book?

Where is the closest bus stop?

Where can be used to identify a place.

This is the place where we will stand.

He followed the men to the house where they were meeting.

He will show the officer where the woman was hurt.

When and time

When is used to ask a question about time.

When will we leave?

When does the bus arrive?

When did he finish his work?

When can be used to identify the time something happened.

They were afraid when we left.

We don’t know when it will be finished.

I need to leave when my car is fixed.

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12.23

USING THE WORD “IF”

(Past)

= past tense,

(Present)

= present tense,

(Future)

= future tense.

When something is true. (Present + Future)

1. If we take(Present) this road, we will go past (Future) the hospital.

● The hospital is on this road.

2. If we continue(Present) working, we will finish(Future) the lesson today.

● We will be able to finish the lesson today if we do not stop working.

When something depends on something else (Present + Future)

1. If you study(Present) the lessons, you will learn(Future) to speak English quickly.

● If you study, you will learn to speak English quickly.

● But if you don’t study, you will not learn to speak English.

2. If we walk(Present) quickly, we will arrive(Future) on time.

● If we walk quickly, we will not be late.

● If we walk slowly, we will be late.

An unlikely possibility (Past + Future)

1. If I had(Past) the time, I would go(Future) home.

● But I don’t have the time, so I probably will not go home.

2. If we had(Past) enough money, we would build(Future) a new house.

● But we don’t have enough money, so we will not build a house.

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12.24

USING THE WORD “IF” (continued)

(Past)

= past tense,

(Present)

= present tense,

(Future)

= future tense.

An event that did not happen (Past + Past)

1. If they had had(Past) the time, they would have gone(Past) home.

● But they did not have the time, so they did not go home.

2. If I had fixed(Past) my car yesterday, I would have arrived(Past) on time.

● But I did not fix my car yesterday, so I was late.

Something that is contrary to what is happening (Past + would, could, or might)

1. If we were driving(Past) the car, we could take the other road.

● But we are not driving the car, so we cannot take the other road.

2. If we had worked(Past) more quickly, we would already be finished.

● But we worked slowly, so we are not finished.

3. If I had read(Past) the book, I might have understood the lesson.

● But I did not read the book, so I do not understand the lesson.

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12.25

13.3

“THIS,” “THAT,” “THESE” AND “THOSE”

“This” is one thing close by.

John needs this

book.

“These” are two or more things close

by.

He needs these

books.

“That” is one thing farther away.

He needs that

book.

“Those” are two or more things farther

away.

He needs those

books.

USING “DO” TO EMPHASIZE

13.5

Normal emphasis

Do you speak English?

Yes, I speak English.

Does he speak English?

Yes, he speaks English.

Stronger emphasis

You don’t speak English, do you?

Yes, I do speak English.

He doesn’t speak English, does he?

Yes, he does speak English.

Do you speak English?

No, I don’t speak English.

Does he speak English?

No, he doesn’t speak English.

Did you speak English?

No, I didn’t speak English.

Did they speak English?

No, they didn’t speak English.

Note: a negative

answer uses a

stronger

emphasis

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13.23

WORDS DESCRIBING TIME

(the)

year

month before last

week

year

month

week

this

week

year

month

week

(the)

year

month

week

after

day before yesterday | yesterday | today | tomorrow | day after tomorrow

(The) year before last was very cold.

Last year was warmer.

Last month was cooler.

Last week was nice.

(The) day before yesterday was Monday.

Yesterday was Tuesday.

Today is Wednesday.

Tomorrow will be Thursday.

(The) day after tomorrow will be Friday.

Next week will be windy.

Next month will be hot.

Next year should be warm.

(The) year after next may also be warm.

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13.24

USING “YOU” IN ENGLISH

1 person

2 or more people

I, me, you, she, her, he, him, it

we, us, you, they, them

The sentence indicates the number of people.

John, will you come with me? = (I want only John but not Mary to come with

me.)

John and Mary, will you come with me? = (I want both John and Mary to

come with me.)

Or, Will both of you come with me? = (I want both John and Mary to come

with me.)

1 person

2 or more people

my, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, its

our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs

The sentence indicates the number of people.

John, this is your coat. I think it is yours. = (This coat belongs to John, not to

Mary.)

John and Mary, these are your books. These books are yours. = (These books

belong to both John and Mary.)

Or, These books belong to both of you.

OLD ENGLISH FORMS OF “YOU”

1 person

2 or more people

1 person

2 or more people

I, me, thee, thou, she, her, he, him, it

we, us, thee, ye, they, them

my, mine, thy, thine, her, hers, his, its

our, ours, thy, thine, their, theirs

thyself = yourself (1 person)

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13.25

DOING OR RECEIVING THE ACTION

When someone is doing the action.

Everyone knows that.

We promised the work to those men.

Did she already spend her money?

Tomorrow we will read this book.

We will take the younger children.

Did the leader give a clear message?

The man started his car early.

We called the children by name.

They chose the shortest book.

14.3

When something is receiving

the action.

That is known by everyone.

The work was promised to those men.

Was her money already spent?

Tomorrow this book will be read.

The younger children will be taken.

Was the leader’s message clear?

The man’s car was started early.

The children were called by name.

The shortest book was chosen.

USE THESE WORDS CORRECTLY

How high is that mountain?

How wide is their house?

How deep is the water?

How long is this bed?

How thick is that book?

How strong is that boy?

How powerful is this car?

How weak is that woman?

How dark is it inside the house?

How hot is the fire?

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Its height is over 11,000 feet.

Its width is almost 50 feet.

Its depth is about 100 feet.

Its length is about six feet.

Its thickness is greater than any of the

others.

His strength is very great.

Its power is greater than that one over

there.

Her weakness is extreme.

The darkness is more than we can

stand.

Its heat is very high.

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14.23

14.2

WHEN SOMETHING HAPPENS

We always wait for the children by the bust stop.

always

They usually come by 3 o’clock.

usually

We frequently see other children waiting there.

We often talk with the other children.

We sometimes walk together.

sometimes

seldom

rarely

never

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frequently

often

occasionally

infrequently

14.8

We occasionally leave with the others.

The children are seldom late.

We infrequently need to wait more than 10 minutes.

We rarely wait more than 15 minutes for them.

We never leave before all of them arrive.

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14.24

“WHO” AND “THAT”

14.7

Everyone sold a house.

Everyone in this group owned a house.

Everyone who owned a house sold it.

Some in this group owned a house.

Some in this group did not own a

house.

Every car was repaired.

Every car in this group needed to be

repaired.

Everyone in this group sold a house.

Those who owned a house sold it.

Every car in this group was repaired.

Every car that needed to be repaired was fixed.

Some cars in this group needed to be repaired.

Those cars that needed it were

Some cars in this group did not need to be repaired. repaired.

Every member was sick and was given help.

Every member in this group was sick. Every member in this group was given help.

Every member who was sick was given help.

Some members in this group were sick.

The members in this group who were

Some members in this group were not sick. sick were given help.

Every person on the list was called.

There were many people’s names on the list. Every person was called.

Every person with a name that began with the letter “M” was called.

Only those people with names that

There were many people’s names on the list.

began with the letter “M” were

Some of the names began with the letter “M.” called.

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14.25

16.3

TWO-WORD VERBS

to break up

They broke the meeting up at noon.

They will break up at noon.

to bring up

She brought the children up by herself.

He will bring the topic up during dinner.

They called the meeting off this morning.

to call off

They called off the meeting.

to call up

The officers were called up last week.

to clean up

We cleaned the house up quickly.

to do over

They did their lesson over.

to drop in

Please drop in if you can.

to drop off

He will drop the lesson off at my house.

to fill out

You must fill the insurance form out now.

You must fill out the insurance form.

to get on

They got on the airplane together.

to get up

She will get up early tomorrow morning.

to give back

We need to give the money back to them soon.

We must give back the money.

to go over

I went over to his house yesterday.

to hand in

Hand in your lesson before you leave.

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16.24

TWO-WORD VERBS (continued)

He hung the phone up very quickly.

to hang up

He hung up quickly.

She hung her clothes up this morning.

She hung up her clothes.

to look over

I looked the lesson over rather quickly.

to look into

I must look into that problem.

to look up

Look that word up in your book.

to pick up

You will need to pick him up at the airport.

Pick your lesson up before you leave.

Pick up your lesson as you leave.

to put away

Put your clothes away before you leave.

to put on

Put your clothes on before you leave.

to put out

Put the animals out if they cause any problem.

to run across

He ran across an important book.

to show up

He will show up at the meeting.

to take off

She took her coat off because she was hot.

We took off about noon.

He took her out to see the city.

to take out

Please take the groceries out of the car.

to think over

Please think it over before you say anything.

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16.25

TWO-WORD VERBS (continued)

to try on

Try these clothes on before you decide.

to turn in

He turned his lesson in before he left.

He already turned in his lesson.

He turned in early because he was tired.

to turn off

Always turn the machines off before you leave.

to turn on

You must turn the machines on when you first arrive.

to turn out

Turn the lights out before you leave.

Please turn out the lights.

to turn up

Turn the heat up if you want.

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16.26

WORDS THAT CHANGE THE MEANING

I wanted to go yesterday, but I couldn’t.

I did not go yesterday.

I wanted to go yesterday, however I wasn’t able to.

I did not go yesterday.

I wanted to go yesterday. Nonetheless I didn’t make it.

I did not go yesterday.

Even though I wanted to go yesterday, I couldn’t.

I did not go yesterday.

It’s late. However, let’s go anyway.

We will go.

Even though it’s late, I still want to go.

We will go..

It’s late, but let’s still go.

We will go.

It’s late. Nonetheless, let’s go.

We will go.

I don’t have much money, however, I still need to buy it.

I will buy it.

Even though I don’t have much money, I still must buy it.

I will buy it.

I don’t have much money, but I think I will buy it anyway.

I will buy it.

I don’t have much money. Nonetheless, I’m going to buy it.

I will buy it.

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16.27

16.7

SAYING THINGS POLITELY

You shouldn’t do that.

Maybe you shouldn’t do that.

You need to leave.

Don’t you need to leave?

You need to choose something.

Can I help you choose something?

Listen to what he is saying.

We need to listen to what he is saying.

Sit down.

Please sit down.

Listen to me.

May I please have your attention?

You need to know this.

I think you will want to know this.

We have finished our discussion.

Have we finished our discussion?

You are wrong.

I don’t think that is correct.

Get out of my way.

May I please come through?

That isn’t any of your business.

I don’t believe that concerns you.

It’s none of your business.

I’m sorry, but we will take care of that.

I want to talk now.

Excuse me. May I say something?

Be more careful with that.

I would be more careful with that.

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16.28

SAYING THINGS POLITELY (continued)

You don’t need to know.

I don’t want to answer that just now.

Don’t do that.

Please wait.

You are late.

I think we need to hurry.

He is coming and you are not ready.

Isn’t he coming soon?

Do it this way.

Let me show you how to do it.

We don’t know that.

We don’t really know that.

He is always wrong.

Sometimes we think he is wrong.

I don’t want to do it now.

Could we do it another time?

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16.29

MORE TWO-WORD VERBS

to call out

to break

to break away

to call up

to fall across

to fall away

to clean

to break in

to fall

to break out

to clean out

to fall in

to break through

to clean up

to fall into

to break up

to clear

to fall out

to clear out

to bring

to bring away

to bring down

to clear up

to cry

to fall over

to fill

to fill in

to bring out

to cry out

to fill out

to bring up

to cry over

to fill up

to die

to build

to find

to build on

to die away

to build up

to die out

to burst in

to do again

to burst out

to do away

to do over

to buy

to drop

to buy out

to follow

to follow through

to do

to burst

to find out

to follow up

to get

to get ahead

to get away

to drop in

to get down

to drop off

to get lost

to call away

to drop out

to get on

to call off

to drop through

to get ready

to buy up

to call

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16.30

MORE TWO-WORD VERBS (continued)

to hang around

to give

to give away

to give back

to look down

to hang on

to get up

to look in

to hang up

to look into

to look over

to keep

to give in

to keep apart

to give up

to keep away

to look up

to make

to keep in

to make away

to go away

to keep inside

to make over

to go back

to keep on

to make into

to go down

to keep out

to make up

to go forward

to keep outside

to make do

to go in

to keep together

to go out

to keep up

to go

to go over

to pay

to pay attention

to pay in

to let

to pay out

to go through

to let down

to go under

to let go

to go up

to let in

to pick over

to go with

to let through

to pick out

to let up

to pick through

to hand

to hand in

to pick up

to lie

to hand out

to lie down

to hand over

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to pull

to pull ahead

to look

to look away

to hang

to pick

to pull away

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16.31

MORE TWO-WORD VERBS (continued)

to pull in

to send away

to pull into

to send in

to think about

to pull off

to send out

to think out

to think over

to show

to pull out

to pull over

to show off

to pull through

to show through

to pull up

to show up

to spread

to put

to think

to think through

to try

to try on

to try out

to put away

to spread out

to put in

to spread over

to turn away

to put on

to spread under

to turn in

to put out

to turn

to turn off

to take

to take action

to turn on

to take away

to turn out

to run across

to take control

to turn up

to run away

to take off

to run in

to take on

to work on

to run into

to take out

to work over

to run out

to take over

to work through

to take up

to work under

to put through

to run

to send

Spoken English Learned Quickly

to work

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16.32

SOME PROBLEM WORDS

accept, except:

to accept = to receive; He accepted the book even though it was damaged.

to except = to exclude; I will except payment for the damaged book.

adapt, adopt:

to adapt = to become accustomed; She adapted well to the hot climate.

to adopt =

to take as one’s own; They adopted the baby after his parents died.

adverse, averse:

adverse = unfavorable; His response to the suggestion was adverse.

averse = opposed; He was averse to the suggestion.

affect, effect:

to affect = to influence; He wanted to affect change in the school.

effect = the result; The effect of the change will be important to the school.

all ready, already:

all ready = completely prepared; I was all ready to take my exam.

already = previously; I had already studied for the exam.

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16.33

SOME PROBLEM WORDS (continued)

all together, altogether:

all together = everyone gathered; They will be all together at the airport.

altogether = entirely; It is altogether possible that the plane will be late.

allusion, illusion:

allusion = reference; They made allusion to the emergency.

illusion = false impression; The smoke gave the illusion of a serious accident.

anyone, any one:

anyone = any person at all; Anyone who was waiting over there may go in.

any one = a particular person in a group; Any one with a ticket may go in.

beside, besides:

beside = at the side of; He was standing beside the house.

besides = except; He took everything besides the things inside the house.

capital, capitol:

capital = city or wealth; Washington, D.C. is the United States’ capital.

There is enough capital on hand to finish the project.

capitol = government building; The capitol is in Washington, D.C.

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16.34

SOME PROBLEM WORDS (continued)

censor, censure:

to censor = to remove; The school librarian censored the book.

to censure = to criticize; The librarian censured the students for talking.

cite, site:

to cite = to quote; She did not cite enough references in her article.

site = a place; Her article described a site in New York.

climactic, climatic:

climactic = highest intensity; It was the climactic event of the day.

climatic = weather; The climatic conditions were excellent.

coarse, course:

coarse = rough; The road is covered with coarse rocks.

course = a study; The course will include everything to the advanced level.

complement, compliment:

to complement = to go with; That hat will complement her new coat.

to compliment = to flatter; I complimented her on her hat.

conscience, conscious:

conscience = moral principle; His conscience bothered him after he said it.

conscious = aware; He was conscious of his mistake.

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16.35

SOME PROBLEM WORDS (continued)

continual, continuous:

continual = repeated regularly; The noise was continual throughout the day.

continuous = extended without interruption; It was a continuous problem.

elicit, illicit:

to elicit = to bring out; The police officer finally elicited the truth from him.

illicit = unlawful or immoral; He sold illicit drugs before.

emigrate, immigrate:

to emigrate = to leave a country; Their entire family emigrated from Russia.

to immigrate = to enter a country; Three of the brothers immigrated to the U.S.

eminent, imminent:

eminent = outstanding; The symphony’s performance was eminent.

imminent = about to happen; The conductor’s entrance was imminent.

everyone, every one:

everyone = unspecified number of people; Everyone was waiting.

every one =

each individual; Every one will need a ticket to enter.

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16.36

SOME PROBLEM WORDS (continued)

farther, further:

farther = distance; The house you are looking for is farther from here.

further = quantity or degree; It is still further up the road.

imply, infer:

to imply = to suggest; The author implied that his book was finished.

to infer = to conclude; We can infer that it will be another good book.

in, into

in = location; The house is in that direction.

into = direction; We walked into the house together.

lie, lay:

to lie = to recline or rest; Go ahead and lie down on the bed.

to lay = to put or place; You may lay your things over there.

loose, lose:

loose = not securely fastened; The money in his pocket was loose.

to lose = to misplace; If you are not careful, you will lose your money.

maybe, may be:

maybe = possibly; Maybe I can find another book if I hurry.

may be = might be; That may be the book you are looking for.

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16.37

SOME PROBLEM WORDS (continued)

precede, proceed:

to precede = to come before;

to proceed = to go forward;

Her part in the play preceded the music.

They proceeded with the play even though it was late.

principal, principle:

principal = head of a school; The principal spoke to the students yesterday.

principle = a basic truth; He suggested that fairness be a principle of all behavior.

raise, rise:

to raise = to move upward; He raised the flag at sunrise.

to rise = to go up; You will need to rise early to see the sunrise.

respectfully, respectively:

respectfully = showing respect; The children respectfully helped their parents.

respectively = each in the order given; Their father and mother died respectively.

set, sit:

to set = to put or place; They set the plates on the table.

to sit = to be seated; They will sit at the table when they eat.

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16.38

SOME PROBLEM WORDS (continued)

sometime, some time, sometimes:

sometime = at an unstated time; I will be here sometime before noon.

some time = a period of time; It was some time before she finally arrived.

sometimes = now and then; They sometimes arrive early.

there, their, they’re:

there = place; Why don’t you set the books there on the table?

their = ownership; They will want to get their books from off the table.

they’re = they are; They’re supposed to have their own books.

weather, whether:

weather = climate; I think the weather will be nice tomorrow.

whether = choice; Decide tomorrow whether or not you want to come.

your, you’re:

your = ownership; I think this is your coat.

you’re = you are; You’re not leaving your coat there, are you?

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