How significant was the contribution of Michael Collins to the successes of Irish Republicanism in the period 1916-22?
During the time period of 1916 to 1922, there were many factors that contributed towards the success of Irish Republicanism, and also slowed down the progress towards the eventual achievement of the Irish free-state. Other than Michael Collins, it could also be agreed upon, that both Eamon De Valera and Sinn Fein leader Arthur Griffith affected the progression towards the success of Irish Republicanism. Other factors that could be taken into account are the Anglo-Irish War and the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
Most Irish nationalists who desired an Irish Republic needed a figure that was patriotic and had a good leadership attitude in order to fulfil that want for a republic. Many Irish believed Collins to be irreplaceable and unique in comparison to other Irish politicians due to his ruthlessness and cunning when it came to the Irish question. Ned Broy, a police clerk in 1918, stated that Collins was ‘the ideal man I had been dreaming about a couple of years, very intelligent, young and powerful’ and ‘the moment I saw Michael…… I knew he was the man…… obviously fell of energy and a mind as quick as lightning’. Broy’s memory of his first meeting with Collins shows that Collins was believed to be flawless and therefore his reputation would cause the Irish people to support and be loyal to Collins as all Irish would trust that Collins and his political skills would lead to an Irish Republic. His believed ‘flawless’ feature influenced many Irish to think Collins was a prophet or other mythical figure capable of performing a miracle as Broy shows in his one-sided view of how Collins filled him up with curiosity and how Collins was the ideal man that he dreamt about. The mass support that Collins gained from his personal skills as a politician is one factor that contributed to the success of achieving Irish Republicanism as shown by Broy and from John Charles Byrnes in a report.
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Byrnes reported that he was convinced that Collins was the Chief Director of all active movement amongst the Sinn Feiners and how Collins has also taken the place of De Valera. This source shows that not only Broy, an Irishman, but also Byrnes, a British agent, believes that Collins is the most significant person towards the attempt to achieve and Irish republic. Collins’ political power was the major contributor towards creating the Irish mass support which helped to build up the reputation that made it seem like he was the way forward. Many of the Irish linked Collins to O’Connell. If O’Connell achieved emancipation with mass support, Collins could also achieve a great event in Irish history with mass support. Although the role of Collins itself was not a contributor towards the successes of Irish Republicanism, the role of Collins and his actions indirectly caused the more significant events that caused the ultimate success of Irish republicanism, which would have been harder to achieve without the support formed by Collins’ political skills.
The success of Irish Republicanism was also achieved due to the contribution of other key nationalists including Sinn Fein leader Arthur Griffith. The Sinn Fein party itself had little influence before that war until after the 1916 Easter Rising due to the harsh measures imposed by the British causing the rebels to seem like heroes. However the significance of Arthur Griffith in Sinn Fein towards the ultimate success of Irish Republicanism was shown in the spring of 1917, when Michael Lennon, a friend of Griffith, described the conversation between Michael Collins and Griffith. Perhaps the most important phrase in Lennon’s description of the incident was when he paraphrased Collins and quoted, ‘If you don’t fight the election on the republican ticket, you will alienate all the young men’. This quote from Collins directed at Griffiths shows that perhaps Griffiths put the by-election first instead of the main goal of achieving Irish Republicanism. This argument is also further supported when Collins states that the Roscommon by-election prior to the upcoming Longford election had been fought under the republican flag and that the Longford election should be the same. This could show that Griffith may have doubted the idea of speaking publicly about the attempt towards bringing about an Irish Republic.
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Lennon has also seemed to make Collins, a figure that he has never seen before, stand out among his own friend, Griffith in the Sinn Fein headquarters. Lennon’s description also seems to support the views of both Ned Broy and Byrnes, that Collins was the man to lead Ireland to its success as an independent country from Britain. This is shown from Lennon’s description of Collins which is similar to Broy’s description of Collins as Lennon describes Collins as ‘a man of splendid physique’ in comparison to Rory O’Conner, who followed Collins into the Sinn Fein headquarters stating that O’Conner was a ‘frail figure’. Collins’ enchanting characteristic allowing him to lure in support after a first impression, shows that he has the leadership ability to answer the Irish question. However, despite Lennon’s view of Griffith’s contribution, Sinn Fein and Griffith proved to be significant after gaining mass support from the conscription crisis. Sinn Fein alongside the IPP organised a campaign against conscription. The success of the one-day strike caused the British government to end the use of conscription which gave Sinn Fein more support and also damaged the union, causing a step up towards an Irish republic. The contribution of Sinn Fein became even more significant during the 1918 general election, when Griffith went against views of Michael Lennon in the source and in his speech spoke about an independent, united Irish republic and the destruction of English power over Ireland. In the general election, Sinn Fein won by a landslide, winning 65% of the votes cast.
Eamon De Valera was yet another key figure in the period 1916 to 1922 who had a major contribution towards the successes of Irish republicanism. Valera started to become most significant in October 1917, when he was elected president in succession to Arthur Griffith and became head of the Irish volunteers, therefore owning the leadership of both the political and military wings of the Irish movement. However, the contribution of Valera towards the Irish question during the Anglo-Irish war and until 1922 could be debated upon as his views towards how to answer the Irish question was different to Collins’. A letter from Lloyd George to Valera proves this argument as Lloyd George states that he himself desires to end the ‘ruinous conflict’ between Britain and Ireland. Whereas in Valera’s reply, he shows that he is dogmatic, with only one goal in his mind. Valera immediately put aside, Lloyd George’s request for ending the conflict and stated that a peace could not be achieved if Lloyd George denies, ‘Ireland’s essential unity and sets aside the principle of national self-determination’. Valera proved to be less significant towards the Irish cause when he purposely absented himself from the crucial talks in October to December 1921. Valera’s dogmatic approach could have affected relations between Britain and Ireland, causing an Irish republic to be less probable. As he was unwilling to accept any term other than what he wanted, it is believed by some that Valera sent Collins to accept the terms of the Anglo-Irish treaty to avoid the blame of not fully achieving an Irish republic. On the other hand, Collins was more pragmatic and accepted British terms as he believed it would lead to a closer step towards achieving an Irish republic. It was the dogmatic approach of Valera and the pragmatic approach of Collins that caused a debate over another significant event in Irish History: The Anglo-Irish Treaty.
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The significance of Collins rose in the year 1919, during the Anglo-Irish war. Under Collins’ leadership, the IRA attacked British soldiers and the police in an effort to destroy English power in Ireland. The IRA was expected to be treated as an Irish national army leading to a closer step towards an Irish republic. However the more significant event that contributed towards the Irish cause was the aftermath of the Anglo-Irish war: The Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921. It was argued among many whether the outcome of the treaty was a success or a failure for the Irish cause. Therefore is was also debateable whether or not Collins was a contributor towards the successes of Irish republicanism or if he was a traitor that couldn’t achieve the Irish desire. Collins wrote about the treaty in August 1922, before his assassination. He wrote that he managed to achieve what was ideal at the moment and that he could use what was achieved in the treaty to make Ireland as near to the ideal one as possible. Many supported the views of Collins at this time including Arthur Griffith, however many had also sided with the dogmatic Valera, who was against the treaty terms. Both views of Valera and Collins were shown at the Dail Eireann on the 19th December 1921, when the treaty was debated upon.
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Valera stated that he would appeal to the house not to approve and later on spoke about how they were elected by Irish people and that they cannot betray the people by upholding the Republic. Valera then said, ‘I am against this treaty, not because I am a man of war, but a man of peace. I am against this treaty because it will not end the centuries of conflict between the two nations of Great Britain and Ireland’. That quotation from the debate shows that Valera still would not accept the Irish free-state due to his dogmatic characteristic which would affect relations with Britain and ultimately affect the direction that Irish republicanism is headed. Collins’ counter-argument proves that the agreement upon an Irish free-state was significant towards Irish republicanism, as shown from Collins in the quote ‘For our continued and spiritual existence two things are necessary; security and freedom. If the treaty gives us these or helps us to get at these, then I maintain that it satisfies our national aspirations. Whether Collins was significant, or not a contributor towards the successes of Irish republicanism in 1921 depends on the opinion of both the Irish alive during the time period and also historians in the present. The treaty itself had made it seem like De Valera was the most significant figure as he refused Lloyd George’s effort to bring about peace and Lloyd George’s attempts to create peace showed a change in relations and this was a success for Sinn Fein. It was also widely argued that Valera sent Collins to London to take the blame for something he himself knew could not be achieved, whilst he remained in Dublin as a symbol of the republic, yet untouched by the failure that he believed Collins would bring back.
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In conclusion, the most significant figure towards the contribution to the successes of Irish republicanism as Michael Collins. Over the period from 1916 to 1922, Collins led the IRA, which was slowly becoming an Irish national army. He was also a great military commander and politician, allowing him to gain mass support from both the Irish and British which was an argument supported by the sources shown. Collins also organised the intelligence system that proved vital to the IRA during the Anglo-Irish War and he also held important posts in the Provisional Government. Despite the wide debate of the treaty at the time, Collins explained how significant his achievement of the Irish free-state was and the sources ultimately show that those that witnessed Collins believed him to be the most significant figure topping both Griffith and De Valera.
