PLAN
1. Intoduction
2. Phraseology as a linguistic discipline
3. Criteria of Phraseological Units
4. Types of Phraseological Units
5. Etymological Classification of Phraseological Units
6. Phraseological problems of translation
7. Conclusion
8. The list of the used literature
1. Intoduction
English is “the language of communication”. Why? Because it seems all the people in the world have agreed to use English to talk to each other.
About 1,500,000,000 people in the world speak English. Another 1,000,000,000 are learning it. 75% of the world’s letters and postcards are written in English.
Almost all international conferences and competitions are conducted in English. For example, the Olympics and the Miss World contest.
Diplomats and politicians from different countries use English to communicate with each other. English is the main language of organizations like the United Nations, NATO, and the European Free Trade Association.
A word comes to be a very powerful means of communication but also can be a cause of a great misunderstanding if it is not clearly understood by one of the speakers. Idioms are a very frequently used part of the English language. It comprises one-third part of the colloquial speech. That is why good knowledge of the English is impossible without knowledge of its phraseology. Competence in this area makes it easier to read both journalistic and fiction literature. The metaphorical and emotional character of the phraseology makes the speech more figurative and expressive. Therefore, for those who learn the English language, this layer of the English vocabulary is of particular interest.
The Essay on ‘to What Extent Is Modern-Day English the Same Language as That Introduced to the British Isles One and a Half Millennia Ago?’
TMA 01 ‘To what extent is modern-day English the same language as that introduced to the British Isles one and a half millennia ago?’ English is both a changed and an ever-changing language. Since its introduction to the British Isles the very nature of the language, its structure, appearance and uses have undergone remarkable transformations. Comparing transcripts from Old English and its ...
With its great wealth and variety of form and meaning English phraseology presents formidable difficulties both for students of the language and for translator, Its numerous set expressions are often both figurative and diverse in stylistic colouring.
Semantically, the set expressions included in this dictionary may be divided into three categories, which may be called phraseological units, or idioms, semi-idioms and phraseomatik units. Phraseological units are structurally separable language units with completely or partially transferred meanings. Semi-idioms have both literal and transferred meanings, the first meaning being usually terminological or professional and the second transferred phraseomatic units have literal or phraseomatically bound meanings.
A characteristic feature of all the set expressions is their stability (ready-made reproduction, semantic complexity, permanence of lexical composition, morphological and, syntactical fixity, refusal to follow the patterns of free word combination).
Idioms and semi-idioms are much more complex in structure than phraseomatic units, have a broad stylistic range, and admit of more complex category. ”this category can be realized only in those cases where the sociolinguistic aspect looms large, when it rises above all the categories, when it adds some connotations to word-combinations, when to understand a word-combination on requires some background knowledge.
The Essay on Word Fag Faggot Meaning Fasces
In popular culture words are often taken out of context to mean something other than what you will read in a dictionary, commonly referred to as slang. Classic examples of this throughout recent history is the word "bad" meaning good, or "sucks" implying bad, or "blows" also, oddly enough meaning bad. If it is not already evident slang almost never makes any matter of the original meaning of a ...
Phraseology is a field of science where not all the questions have been resolved. The problem of classification of phraseological units, for example, still remains one of the most controversial. Therefore, the study of phraseological units in the modern English language is relevant in the present circumstances.
2. Phraseology as a linguistic discipline
Phraseology is a relatively new branch of linguistics which attracts the attention of an increasing number of scholars. The vocabulary of any developed language is enriched not only by words but also by phraseological units which are not created by the speaker in the process of speech but used as ready-made units. It was a long time ago that linguists became aware of the existence in the language of special largerthan-word units: word-groups consisting of two or more words whose combination is integrated as a unit with a specialized meaning of the whole.
Sharl Bally, the Swiss linguist of French origin, is a creator of the theory of Phraseology. He thinks that there are two main groups of combinations: free word-combinations and phraseological units, components of which are constantly used in the given combinations for expressing the same thoughts, lost their initial meaning. Bally introduced the term “Phraseology” as a section of stylistics, studying connected word-combinations. But this term is used as:
1. Choice of words, form of expression;
2. Language, style, syllable;
3. Expressions, word-combinations.
The choice arrangement of words and phrases in the expression of ideas, manner or style of expression; the particular form of speech or diction which characterizes a write, literary production, language etc.
The analysis of special literature during the last decades shows that the majority of linguists consider the coincidence of semantic structure, grammatical (or syntactical) organization and componential (lexeme) structure the main criteria in defining the types of interlanguage phraseological conformities/disparities with the undoubted primacy of semantic structure.
Comparing the three approaches discussed above (semantic, functional, and contextual) we have ample ground to conclude that have very much in common as, the main criteria of phraseological units appear to be essentially the same, i.e. stability and idiomaticity or lack of motivation. It should be noted however that these criteria as elaborated in the three approaches are sufficient mainly to single out extreme cases: highly idiomatic non-variable and free (or variable) word- groups.
The Term Paper on All Mandatory Units Knowledge And Performance Criteria
1.1 Identify the different reasons people communicate 1.2 Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting 2.1 Demonstrate how to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals 2.2 Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication 2.3 Demonstrate a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs 2.4 ...
Thus red tape, mare’s nest, etc. According to the semantic approach belong to phraseology and are described as fusions as they are completely non-motivated. According to the functional approach they are also regarded as phraseological units because of their grammatical (syntactic) inseparability and because they function, in speech as word-equivalents. According to the contextual approach red tape, mare’s nest, etc. make up a group of phraseological units referred to as idioms because of the impossibility of any change in the ‘fixed context’ and their semantic inseparability.
The status of the bulk of word-groups however cannot be decided with certainty with the help of these criteria because as a rule we have to deal not with соmp1ete idiomaticity and stability but with a certain degree of these distinguishing features of phraseological units. No objective criteria of the degree of idiomaticity and stability have as yet been suggested. Thus, e.g., to win a victory according to the semantic approach is a phraseological combination because it is almost completely motivated and allows of certain variability to win, to gain, a victory. According to the functional approach it is not a phraseological unit as the degree of semantic and grammatical inseparability is insufficient for the word-group to function as a word-equivalent. Small hours according to the contextual approach it is literal meaning. If however we classify it proceeding from the functional approach is a word-groups which are partially motivated is decided differently depending on which of the criteria of phraseological units is applied.
3. Criteria of Phraseological Units
One of the most important and difficult problems of phraseology is how to distinguish between free word-groups and phraseological units. It is necessary to point out the criteria of phraseological units because they have certain features in common with free word-groups and compound words.
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1. The subject of Theoretical Grammar. Different approaches to the analysis of l-ge phenomena. L. Incorporates the 3 constituent parts. These parts are the phonological system, the lexical system, the grammatical system. Only the unity of these 3 elements forms a l-ge. The phonological syst. determines the material (phone tical) appearance of its significative units. The lexical syst. is the whole ...
The criteria offered by linguists are ideomaticity, stability, word-equivalency. We decided to stop on the criteria described by A. V. Kunin in his researches.
The first criterion is the structural separateness, or divisibility of phraseological units into separate structural elements. Structural separateness helps to distinguish phraseological units from compound words. In the case of compound words there is a common grammatical form for elements of this word. For example, the grammatical change in the word shipwreck implies that inflections are added to both elements of the word simultaneously – ship-wreak-( ), ship-wreak-(s), while in the word-group the wreck of a ship each element can change its grammatics form independently from the other – (the) wreck-( ) of the ship-s, (the) wreck-s of the ship-s. Like in word-groups, in phraseological units an- component may be changed grammatically, but these changes are rather few, limited and occasional. For example, a phraseological unit a hard nut to crack (a problem difficult to find an answer to) can be used in the following forms: they are hard nuts to crack, it is a harder nut b crack.
The next important criterion of phraseological units is stability. A. V. Kunin distinguishes several aspects of stability:
Stability of use means that phraseological units are introduced in speech ready-made and not created each time anew like free word-groups Stability of use proves that a phraseological unit like a word is a language unit. Phraseological units are firstly the individual creations and later the” become common property. For example, Shakespeare’s writings play a great role in the life of English-speaking communities, and many phraseological units, first being Shakespeare’s individual creations, became world’s value and joined the stock of phraseological units of the English language, such as: cakes and ale (material comforts), give the devil his due (give back what you owe), neither rhyme nor reason (without logic, order, or planning), to one’s heart’s content (as much as one wants, to one’s entire satisfaction, without limitation), et cetera.
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Pride is not a strong enough word to describe dignity; it is only a formality of what could be described. Meaning, dignity has a stronger meaning that cannot be described as just one word. When I think of the word dignity, I think of pride, respect, self-esteem, and a hero. Of course it also means high rank, but to me it says pride in yourself, no matter what your ranking is. Dignity is made up of ...
Lexico-semantic stability means that components of phraseological units are either irreplaceable or can be partly replaced in some cases because the meaning of phraseological unit is understood as a whole and not related to the meaning of individual words. This type of stability is of great help in stating the semantic difference between free word-groups and phraseological units. For example, one cannot change the noun component in the phraseological unit to give the sack (to dismiss from work) without destroying its phraseological meaning. In the following examples one of the components can be replaced by its synonym: to tread/walk on air (to be delighted), a skeleton in the cupboard/closet (a family secret), not to lift/raise/stir a finger (not to help).
Semantic stability is preserved in such cases.
Morphological stability means that the components of phraseological units are restricted as to the usage of morphological forms. For example, noun components in phraseological units are used either only in the singular (chase the wild goose (to strive for the impossible), play a lone hand (to act alone)) or in the plural (small potatoes (trifles)).
Although in some cases changing is possible: to be in deep water (s), as happy as a king (kings).
Syntactic stability is stability of the order of the components of a phraseological unit. For example, changing of the order of the components in the following phraseological units: cakes and ale (material comforts), bread and butter (simple and wholesome) results in destruction of phraseological units. But there might be variations within syntactic stability – grammatical and stylistic inversion. To grammatical inversion belongs transformation of passivisation, i.e. conversion of a verbal phraseological unit from active into passive voice: break the ice (do or say something to remove or reduce social tension) – the ice is broken; to stylistic inversion belongs the change of the word order for the sake of expressivity: bear one’s cross (suffer from responsibility as a condition of life or for a period) – What a cross he has to bear!
So, speaking about the criterion of stability we may draw the following conclusion. Phraseological units as a rule possess a high degree of stability, although their stability is relative. There are phraseological units with the highest level of stability, allowing no changes; phraseological units with medium degree of stability, allowing minimal changes; phraseological units with low level of stability, allowing higher changes. Accordingly, the criterion of stability is criticized by many linguists as not very reliable in distinguishing phraseological units from free word-groups.
The Term Paper on Words And Meaning
People sometimes play games with words. People may also recite or memorise lists of words, for example when trying to learn the words of another language or to remember technical terms. And they may occasionally leaf through a dictionary looking at words more or less randomly. These are legitimate activities, enjoyable or useful as they may be. But they are not typical uses of words. Typically, ...
Semantically all word-groups can be classified into motivated and non-motivated. A word-group is lexically motivated if the combined lexical meaning of the group is deducible from the meanings of its components, for example, red flower, heavy weight, et cetera. If the combined lexical meaning of a word-group is not deducible from the meanings of its constituent components, such a word-group is lexically non-motivated. So, another criterion of phraseological units is ideomaticity, or lack of motivation. Phraseological units are partially motivated or non- motivated (idiomatic).
To partially motivated phraseological units belong examples like a dog in the manger (a person who selfishly prevents others from using or enjoying something which he keeps for himself, though he cannot use or enjoy it) and a great number of others. The phraseological unit to kick the bucket, for example, is non-motivated. The lack of motivation can be explained by the fact that in the course of time the association between each particular meaning of the component lexemes and the meaning of the whole word combination was faded and lost.
There is another criterion of phraseological units that is the criterion of function. Idiomaticity and stability of phraseological units bring them closer to words. A. I. Smirnitsky considered phraseological units to be word equivalents because phraseological units like words are introduced into soeech ready-made and function in speech as single words. Phraseological units and words have identical syntactic functions and they are speech ready-made and function in speech as single words. Phraseological units and words have identical syntactic functions and they are interchangeable in certain cases. For example, we can use the words to rejoice and the sun instead of the phraseological units to throw one’s hat in the air and the eye of the day. Phraseological units like words have synonyms. For instance, the following phraseological synonyms convey the meaning “to have not enough money for one’s needs”: to be in low waters, to be on the rocks, to be on one’s beam ends, to be as poor as a church mouse, to be hard up, to be on one’s uppers. Phraseological units like words have also antonyms: a good mixer – a bad mixer, bad (foul) language, unparliamentary language – parliamentary language. Phraseological units like words though in a much smaller degree are characterized by polysemy and homonymy.
Although words and phraseological units have much in common, they are different language units, the main difference between them is structural, that is phraseological units are characterized by structural separateness, while words are marked by structural integrity.
Thus, phraseological units occupy an intermediate position between words and free word-groups. Being intermediate units, they have features of words, on the one hand, and features of free word-groups, on the other. That is why it is difficult to distinguish between them. Moreover, these difficulties are enhanced by the fact that some properties of phraseological units (such as idiomaticity, stability, word-equivalency) are expressed in different phraseological units in different degree. These difficulties are revealed in various classifications of phraseological units.
4. Types of Phraseological Units
1. The typology based on the grammatical likeness of the component composition of phraseological units. The following types are picked out:
a) The combination of the adjective and the noun
Vicious circle – зачароване коло;
the Indian summer – бабине літо;
b) When translating into Ukrainian the combination of the noun in the nominative case with the noun in the:
Point of view – точка зору;
Apple of discord – яблуко розбрату;
c) Combination of preposition-case form of the noun with the adjective:
Come to one’s senses – братися за розум;
Cock one’s nose – задирати носа;
d) Combination of the verb with the noun (with the preposition or without preposition).
e) Combination of the verb with the adverb:
To see through somebody – бачити наскрізь;
Fly high – бути дуже честолюбним;
Get down to earth – спуститися з небес на землю;
f) Сombination of the participle with the noun:
One’s heart is bleeding – серце кров’ю обливається.
2. The typology, based on the accordance of syntactical functions of phraseological units and parts of speech, by which they can be changed. We can pick out the following types of them:
a) Nominal phraseological units:
Swan-song – лебедина пісня.
They carry out the functions of the subject, predicate, object in the sentence. They can control some article and be controlled.
b) Verb phraseological units:
Hold one’s ground – міцно триматися, не здавати своїх позицій.
They carry out the role of the predicate in the combination with other words they can be coordinate.
c) Adjective phraseological units:
In blooming health – кров з молоком.
They have the meaning of qualitive characteristics and like adjectives are the function of attribute or nominative part of the predicate.
d) Adverb or adverbial phraseological units:
Up one’s sleeves – спустивши рукави.
As adverb they characterize the quality of the action and carry out the role of adverbial modifies in the sentence.
e) Interjection phraseological units
Good luck – в добрий час!
Like interjections, such phraseological units express will, feelings, playing the role of separate unbreakable sentences.
We can systemize phraseological units according to the other sings. For example from this point of you all the phraseological units divide into regulated in their phonics and neutral. In their composition phraseological units with bright rhythmical organization are united, with rhythmical organization are united, with rhythmical elements, with sound repetitions.
5. Etymological Classification of Phraseological Units
There are various ways and sources of the origin of phraseological units in the English language. The consideration of the origin of phraseological units contributes to a better understanding of phraseological meaning. As any lexical item they can be divided into two large groups that is they can be either native English by origin or borrowed from other languages. Let us consider the main sources of native and borrowed phraseological units in English.
The majority of phraseological units in English are native English. In most cases the creators of them are unknown. The main sources of native phraseological units are:
Terminological and professional lexics, for example physics: center of gravity (центр тяжіння), specific weight (питома вага); navigation: to cut the painter (обрубати канат; to become independent), to lower one’s colours (спустити свій прапор; to yield, to give in); sphere: to fall into line (встати в стрій; to conform/agree with others), to draw one’s/the enemy’s fire (to cause somebody to concentrate attack, criticism, etc. in a particular direction); sports: to hit below the belt (нанести удар нижче пояса, зрадливий удар).
British literature. The majority of them come from Shakespeare’s writings: the green-eyed monster (jealousy), to one’s heart’s content (as much as one wants), cakes and ale (material comforts, merry-making), the salt of youth (enjoyable living), a fool’s paradise (illusory happiness, the world of dreams), like Hamlet without the prince (the most important person at event is absent).
Other writers who contributed to the stock of phraseological units are J. Milton: to fall evil days (to live in poverty after having enjoyed better times); J. Swift: all the world and his wife (many, everyone without exception), to quarrel with one’s bread and butter (to quit the job that provides means of existence); W. M. Thackeray: a skeleton in the cupboard (something in one’s family which is kept concealed); Ch. Dickens: never say die (do not give up hope in a difficult situation); W. Scott: to catch somebody red-handed (to discover somebody while he is doing something wrong) and others.
British customs and traditions. Example: a baker’s dozen (a group of thirteen), in the past British merchants of bread received from bakers thirteen loaves instead of twelve and the thirteenth loaf was merchant’s profit.
Superstitions and legends: a black sheep (a less successful or more immoral person in a family or a group), people believed that a black ship was marked by the devil.
Historical facts and events, personalities. Examples: blue stocking – one admiral from Holland called the members of one literary society “the gathering of blue stockings” because one of scientists appeared there in blue stockings; to do a Thatcher (to stay in power as Prime Minister for three consecutive terms), from the former Conservative Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; according to Cocker (according to rules), Cocker is the author of a text-book on arithmetic in the 17th century; Queen Ann is dead! (iron. It was known long ago).
Phenomena and facts of everyday life: carry coals to Newcastle (to take something to a place where there is plenty of it available), Newcastle is a town in Northern England where a lot of coal was produced; to get out of wood (to be saved from danger or difficulty).
Phraseological units borrowed from other languages entered English phraseology through both literary sources and oral contacts with other nations. The main sources of borrowed phraseological units are:
The Bible – the most important source of borrowed phraseology. The idioms borrowed from the bible are quite numerous: forbidden fruit (something that is desired because it is forbidden of disapproved of), the root of all devil (money), the olive branch (the symbol of peace and quiet), new vine in old bottles (new contents in the old shape), a wolf in a sheep’s clothing (a person who appears to be friendly, or harmless, but is really an enemy or evil-doer), can the leopard change his sports? (some cannot change some of their habits or manners, behavior), pride goes before a fall (pride is a sin that leads to a collapse), the left hand does not know what the right hand is doing (communication in an organization is bad so that one part does not know what is happening in another part).
Ancient legends and myths: to cut the Gordian knot (to deal with a difficult problem in a strong, simple and effective way), the apple of discord (a reason for quarrel), an Achilles’ heel (a weakness or fault which may not be known but which when discovered can be used to damage or destroy somebody), a Trojan horse (a disguised means of introducing something harmful or disadvantageous), a bed of roses (happy careless life).
Fairy-tales: an ugly duckling (a child, chick, puppy, etc. born less attractive than his brothers or sisters who later surprises them), Alladdin’s lamp (a thing of magic which fulfills every wish of its master).
Facts and events of the world history. Example: to cross the Rubicon (to do something which will have very important results which cannot be changed after), Julius Caesar started a war which resulted in victory for him by crossing the river Rubicon in Italy. Another example: to meet one’s Waterloo (to be faced with a final defeat, especially after previous success, a difficulty or obstacle one cannot overcome), from the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815.
Variants of the English language. There are a lot of Americanisms among English phraseological units: a heavy hitter (someone who is powerful and has achieved a lot), to look/feel like a million dollars (to feel and look fine), to cut a pie (to interfere), to smoke the pipe of peace (to make peace), the last of the Mohicans (a man possessing some rare qualities).
Other languages (both classical and modern): second to none (equal with any other and better than most) from Latin, for somebody’s fair eyes (because of personal sympathy, for nothing) from French, the fair sex (women) from French, let the cat out of the bag (to reveal a secret carelessly or by mistake) from German, blue blood (aristocracy) from Spanish, every dog is a lion at home (to feel significant in the familiar surrounding) from Italian, the Sick Man of Europe (originally Turkey, at present any European country in a difficult economic position) from Russian.
6. Phraseological problems of translation
Translating a phraseological unit is not an easy matter as it depends on several factors: different combinability of words, homonymy, synonymy, polysemy of phraseological units and presence of falsely identical units, which makes it necessary to take into account of the context. Besides, a large number of phraseolgical units have a stylistic-expressive component in meaning, which usually has a specific national feature. The afore-cited determines the necessity to get acquainted with the main principles of the general theory of phraseology.
The following types of phraseological units may be observed: phrasemes and idioms. A unit of constant context consisting of a dependent and a constant indicators may be called a phraseme. An idiom is a unit of constant context which is characterized by an integral meaning of the whole and by weakened meanings of the components, and in which the dependant and the indicating elements are identical and equal to the whole lexical structure of the phrase.
Any type of phraseological units can be presented as a definite micro-system. In the process of translating phraseological units functional linguistic are selected by comparing two specific linguistic principles. These principles reveal elements of likeness and distinction. Certain parts of these systems may correspond in form and content (completely or partially) or have no adequancy.
The main types of phraseological conformities are as follows: сomplete conformities, partial conformities, absence of conformities.
Complete coincidence of form and content in phraseological units are rarely met with:
“Black frost” – сильний мороз;
“To bring oil to fire” – підливати масло у вогонь;
“To lose one’s head”- втратити голову.
Partial conformities of phraseological units in two languages assume lexical grammatical and lexico-grammatical different with identity of meaning and style i.e. their figuratively close, but fifer in lexical composition morphological number and syntactic arrangement of the order words. One may find:
Partial lexic conformities by lexic parameters “lexical composition”.
To get out of bed on the wrong foot (idiom) – встати не з тієї ноги.
To lose one’s temper – вийти з себе, втратити терпіння.
To dance to somebody’s pipe. (idiom) – танцювати під чиюсь сопілку.
Partial conformities by the grammatical parameters
Differing as to morphological arrangement (number).
To fish in troubled waters. (idiom) ловити рибу в каламутній воді .
From head to foot (idiom) – з голови до ніг.
To agree like cats and dogs (phraseme) – жити як кіт із собакою .
To keep one’s head (idiom) – зберігати спокій
Differing as to syntactical arrangement
Strike while the iron is hot – куй залізо, поки гаряче.
Egyptian darkness – суцільна пітьма.
Armed to teeth – озброєні до зубів.
All not gold that glitters – Не все те золото, що блистить.
Many English phraseological units have no phraseological conformities in Ukrainian. In the first instance this concerns phraseological units based realiae. When translating units of this kind it is advisable to us the following types of translation: а verbatim word for word-translation, translation by analogy, descriptive translation.
A verbatim translation is possible when way of thinking (in the phraseological unit) does not bear a specific national feature.
To call things by their true names (idiom) – називати речі своїми іменами.
Cold war (idiom) – холодна війна.
To pull somebody’s leg (idiom) – обдурити когось.
Descriptive translation i.e. translating phraseological units by a free combination of words is possible when the phraseological unit has a particular national feature and has no anologue in the language it is to be translated into.
To enter the house (phraseme) – стати членом парламенту;
To cross the floor of the house. (idiom) – перейти з однієї партії в іншу.
7. Conclusion
Phraseology is a relatively new branch of linguistics which attracts the attention of an increasing number of scholars, the subject matter of which is study and systematic description of the vocabulary units called phraseological units.
Phraseological units are reproduced and idiomatic (non-motivated) or partially motivated units built up according to the model of free word- groups or sentences and semantically and syntactically brought into correlation with words.
There are also another terms which are used by linguists besides the term phraseological unit. The existing terms reflect different views concerning the nature and essential features of phraseological units as distinguished from the so-called free word-groups. The term set-phrases implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. The term idioms generally means that the essential feature of the linguistic units under consideration is ideomaticity or lack of motivation. This term usually used by English and American linguists is very often treated as synonymous with the term phraseological unit universally accepted in our country. The term word-equivalent stresses not only the semantic but also the functional inseparability of certain word-groups and their ability to function in speech as single words.
Phraseological units occupy an intermediate position between words and free word-groups. Being intermediate units, they have features of words, on the one hand, and features of free word-groups, on the other. So, it is necessary to point out the criteria distinguishing phraseological units.
A phraseological unit is a complex phenomenon with a number of important features, which can be therefore approached from different points of view. Hence, there is diversity of opinion concerning principles and criteria of classification of phraseological units. The classification systems considered in the present work reflect the wealth of types of phraseological units existing in the language. Among the large number of classifications of phraseological units the following classifications have the biggest value.
English language is only a part of or rather “embodiment” of English culture and history, which, by and large, are at variance with those of Greece. Therefore any attempt to view things and notions from the English perspective without first mastering any other language features and components, i.e. advanced grammar constructions, more elevated vocabulary, etc. but with the sole aid of idioms, is if not futile, certainly rather painstaking and unrewarding. Idioms are meant to give the language a more lively hue, not to substitute for standart English completely. If one already acquainted with literary forms and expressions, there is no other way of “grasping” idioms but through contenting oneself with magazines and tabloids, the informal register of which allows of the use of innumerable idiomatic expressions. By the same taken, whoever wishes to learn English or any other language should not limit themselves to reading books taught at school, but also acquire a taste for classical and modern literature, religious and philosophical books, newspaper, etc.
8. The list of the used literature
1. Амосова Н. Н. Основы английской фразеологии. – Л., 1963.
2. Кунин А. В. Курс фразеологии современного английского язика. – М., 1996.
3. Кунин А. В. Фразеология современного английского язика. М., 1974.
4. Смирницкий А. Лексикология английского язика. – М.,1996.
5. www.bohemika.com – Phraseological combinations and fusions.
6. www.schwabe.ch – Phraseological Units.
7. www.corpus.bham.ac.uk – the Determination of Phraseological Units.
8. http://www.ranez.ru/article
9. http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com
10. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com
