ASN 250 PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
Personality Disorders
1/10/2011
Personality disorders are behaviors that people exhibits, that are different
relating to other people and events that are relatively inflexible and that impair a person’s ability to function socially.
• Behavior may be odd or eccentric, dramatic or erratic, or anxious or inhibited.
• Doctors consider the diagnosis when inappropriate thinking or behavior is repeated despite negative consequences.
• Drugs do not change people’s personality traits, but psychotherapy may help people recognize their problem and change their socially undesirable behaviors.
Everyone has characteristic patterns of perceiving and relating to other people and events (personality traits).
That is, people tend to cope with stresses in an individual but consistent way. For example, some people respond to a troubling situation by seeking someone else’s help; others prefer to deal with problems on their own. Some people minimize problems; others exaggerate them. Regardless of their usual style, however, mentally healthy people are likely to try an alternative approach if their first response is ineffective. ( Frish, L.E 2006)
The Essay on Personality And Problems
Auroras virginity has been stolen. Her brothers are expected to get revenge. This is a major life problem. Her brothers are expected to kill for revenge. This is a solution to this major life problem (Marquez 37). Will they kill the man who took her sisters virginity? How the Sandoval brothers decide to solve this problem describes who they are.Just like how anyones solution to his or her problem ...
In contrast, people with a personality disorder are rigid and tend to respond inappropriately to problems, to the point that relationships with family members, friends, and coworkers are affected. These maladaptive responses usually begin in
adolescence or early adulthood and do not change over time. Personality disorders vary in severity. They are usually mild and rarely severe.
Most people with a personality disorder are distressed about their life and have problems with relationships at work or in social situations. Many people also have mood, anxiety, substance abuse, or eating disorders.
People with a personality disorder are unaware that their thought or behavior patterns are inappropriate; thus, they tend not to seek help on their own. Instead, they may be referred by their friends, family members, or a social agency because their behavior is causing difficulty for others. When they seek help on their own, usually because of the life stresses created by their personality disorder, or troubling symptoms (for example, anxiety, depression, or substance abuse), they tend to believe their problems are caused by other people or by circumstances beyond their control.
Until fairly recently, many psychiatrists and psychologists felt that treatment did not help people with a personality disorder. However, specific types of psychotherapy (talk therapy), sometimes with drugs, have now been shown to help many people. Choosing an experienced, understanding therapist is essential.
Disorder Common nursing diagnoses
Borderline personality disorder Risk for self-directed violence
Risk for other-directed violence
Ineffective coping.
Narcissistic personality disorder Ineffective denial
Impaired social interaction
The Essay on Personality Disorder Personalities Multiple Person
Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), which is now called Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), is a Dissociative Disorder. This disorder is when a person has two or more distinct personalities that often control the person's behavior. This disorder has many controversies because of the fact that it is not scientifically ...
histrionic personality disorder Impaired social interaction
Ineffective coping
antisocial personality disorder Impaired social interaction
Risk for other-directed violence
Intervention Rationale
Contract with client for specific Giving the client structure ,
Behaviors, adhere to terms of making expectations known.
The contract.
Promoting the expression of feelings. Focus on the fact that client’s
Behaviors are problem not the
Client itself.
Assisting the client to explore alternate Discuss coping strategies.
Methods of dealing with stressors
Histrionic personality disorder
Must be center of attention, uses physical appearance to draw attention to self , this type of personality experiences rapid emotional swings express strong emotions with an impressionistic style, and be easily influenced by others. Associated features may include egocentrism, self-indulgence, continuous longing for appreciation, feelings that are easily hurt, and persistent manipulative behavior to achieve their own needs.
People with this disorder are usually able to function at a high level and can be successful socially and professionally. People with histrionic personality disorder usually have good social skills, but they tend to use these skills to manipulate other people and become the center of attention ] Furthermore, histrionic personality disorder may affect a person’s social or romantic relationships or their ability to cope with losses or failures.
The Essay on Antisocial Disorder Failure Behavior Repeated
Since the beginnings of psychiatry in the early 19 th century, it has been recognized that there are persons whose persisting antisocial behavior can not be understood in terms of mental disorder or neurotic motivations. The father of French psychiatry, Phillipe Panel, noted that some people seem to behave crazily without actually being crazy. The German systematisist, like Robert Koch, first ...
Additional symptoms include:
• Exhibitionist behavior.
• Constant seeking of reassurance or approval.
• Excessive dramatics with exaggerated displays of emotions, such as hugging someone they have just met or crying uncontrollably during a sad movie (Svrakie & Cloninger, 2005).
• Excessive sensitivity to criticism or disapproval.
• Inappropriately seductive appearance or behavior.
• Excessive concern with physical appearance.
• Somatic symptoms, and using these symptoms as a means of garnering attention.
• A need to be the center of attention.
• Low tolerance for frustration or delayed gratification.
• Rapidly shifting emotional states that may appear superficial or exaggerated to others.
• Tendency to believe that relationships are more intimate than they actually are.
• Making rash decisions
Causes
The cause of this disorder is unknown, but childhood events such as deaths in the immediate family, illnesses within the immediate family which present constant anxiety, divorce of parents and genetics may be involved. Histrionic Personality Disorder is more often diagnosed in women than men.
Antisocial personality disorder
Is a psychiatric condition in which a person manipulates , exploits or violates the rights of others. This behaviors sometimes turns in to criminal.
Signs and symptoms
Characteristics of people with antisocial personality disorder may include:
• Persistent lying or stealing
• Apparent lack of remorse or empathy for others
• Cruelty to animals
• Poor behavioral controls — expressions of irritability, annoyance, impatience, threats, aggression, and verbal abuse; inadequate control of anger and temper
• A history of childhood conduct disorder
• Recurring difficulties with the law
• Promiscuity
• Tendency to violate the boundaries and rights of others
• Aggressive, often violent behavior; prone to getting involved in fights.
The Term Paper on Antisocial Personality Disorder
... include that include some antisocial behavior cannot be declared APD unless the symptoms are present at other times. Narcissistic, Histrionic, Borderline and Paranoid Personality Disorders ... Diagnosis and the Antisocial Personality Disorder, [online] Available: http://www.toad.net/~arcturus/dd/antisoc.htm Grohol, J.M. Antisocial Personality Disorder: Treatments, [online], Available: ...
• Inability to tolerate boredom
• Poor or abusive relationships
• Irresponsible work behavior
• The cause of antisocial personality disorder is unknown. Genetic factors and child abuse are believed to contribute to the development of this condition. People with an antisocial or alcoholic parent are at increased risk. Far more men than women are affected. The condition is common in prison populations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder.
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder
The narcissist is described as being excessively preoccupied with issues of personal adequacy, power, prestige and vanity . Narcissistic personality disorder is closely
linked to self-centeredness
The cause of this disorder is unknown, according to Groopman and Cooper. However, they list the following factors identified by various researchers as possibilities.
• An oversensitive temperament at birth is the main symptomatic chronic form
• Being praised for perceived exceptional looks or talents by adults
• Excessive admiration that is never balanced with realistic feedback
• Excessive praise for good behaviors or excessive criticism for poor behaviors in childhood
• Overindulgence and overvaluation by parents
• Severe emotional abuse in childhood
• Unpredictable or unreliable caregiving from parents
.
Theodore Millon identified five subtypes of narcissist. Any individual narcissist may exhibit one of the following:
• charlatan – is a fraudulent, exploitative, deceptive and unscrupulous individual.
• amorous narcissist – including histrionic features. The Don Juan or Casanova of our times – is erotic, exhibitionist.
• compensatory narcissist – including negativistic (passive-aggressive), avoidant features.
• elitist narcissist – variant of pure pattern. Corresponds to Wilhelm Reich’s “phallic narcissistic” personality type.
• fanatic type – including paranoid features. An individual whose self-esteem was severely arrested during childhood, usually with major paranoid tendencies who holds onto an illusion of omnipotence.
The Essay on Eating Disorders And Personality Disorders
ter>Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites Patients suffering from eating disorders binge on food and sometimes are both Anorectic and Bulimic. This is an impulsive behaviour as defined by the DSM (particularly in the case of BPD and to a lesser extent of Cluster B disorders in general). Some patients adopt these disorders as their way of self mutilating. ...
Borderline personality disorder (BPD)
is a personality disorder described as a prolonged disturbance of personality function in a person (generally over the age of eighteen years, although it is also found in adolescents), characterized by depth and variability of moods. The disorder typically involves unusual levels of instability in mood; black and white thinking, or splitting; the disorder often manifests itself in idealization and devaluation episodes, as well as chaotic and unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, identity, and behavior; as well as a disturbance in the individual’s sense of self. They feel empty , usually they
cut themselves , burn. They have frequent anger , depression.
Disturbances also may include self-harm. Without treatment, symptoms may worsen, leading (in extreme cases) to suicide attempts.
Signs and symptoms
Borderline personality disorders affects how do you feel about yourself , how
You relate to others and how you behave.
Impulsive and risky behavior, such a risky driving, unsafe sex , gambling or
Illegal drug use.
Intense but short episodes of anxiety of depression.
Inappropriate anger , sometimes escalating into physical confrontations.
Difficulty controlling emotions or impulses.
Suicidal behavior
Fear of being alone.
.
Individuals with BPD can be very sensitive to the way others treat them, reacting strongly to perceived criticism or hurtfulness. Their feelings about others often shift from positive to negative, generally after a disappointment or perceived threat of losing someone. Self-image can also change rapidly from extremely positive to extremely
Causes
As with other mental disorders, the causes of BPD are complex and not fully understood. One finding is a history of childhood trauma, abuse or neglect, although researchers have suggested diverse possible causes, such as a genetic predisposition, neurobiological factors, environmental factors, or brain abnormalities.
The Term Paper on Multiple Personality Disorder Alters Treatment Personalities
The most famous dissociative disorder is Multiple Personality Disorder, also known as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). It is estimated that one in one hundred people may suffer from Multiple Personality Disorder and other Dissociative Disorders. With correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment, people have the potential for complete recovery. Multiple Personality Disorder is a condition in ...
.
Treatment for personality disorders
Treatment that’s best for you depends on your particular personality disorder, its severity and your life situation. Often, a team approach is appropriate to make sure all of your psychiatric, medical and social needs are met. Because personality disorders tend to be chronic and can sometimes last much of your adult life, you may need long-term treatment.
The team involved in treatment may include your:
• Family doctor or primary care provider
• Psychiatrist
• Psychotherapist
• Pharmacist
• Family members
• Social workers
If you have mild symptoms that are well controlled, you may need treatment from only your family doctor, a psychiatrist or a therapist. If possible, find medical and mental health providers with experience in treating personality disorders.
Several treatments are available for personality disorders. They include:
• Psychotherapy
• Medications
• Hospitalization
Successful treatment depends on your active participation in your care.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is the main way to treat personality disorders. Psychotherapy is a
process of treating personality disorders by talking about your condition and related issues with a mental health provider. During psychotherapy, you learn about your condition and your mood, feelings, thoughts and behavior. Using the insight and knowledge you gain in psychotherapy, you can learn healthy ways to manage your symptoms.
Medications
There are no medications specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat personality disorders. However, several types of psychiatric medications may help with various personality disorder symptoms.
• Antidepressant medications. Antidepressants may be useful if you have a depressed mood, anger, impulsivity, irritability or hopelessness, which may be associated with personality disorders.
• Mood-stabilizing medications. As their name suggests, mood stabilizers can help even out mood swings or reduce irritability, impulsivity and aggression.
• Anti-anxiety medications. These may help if you have anxiety, agitation or insomnia. But in some cases, they can increase impulsive behavior.
• Antipsychotic medications. Also called neuroleptics, these may be helpful if your symptoms include losing touch with reality (psychosis) or in some cases if you have anxiety or anger problems.
Hospitalization and residential treatment programs
In some cases, a personality disorder may be so severe that you require psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric hospitalization is generally recommended only when you aren’t able to care for yourself properly or when you’re in immediate danger of harming yourself or someone else.
Participating in your own care
Try to be an active participant in your treatment. Working together, you and your doctor or therapist can decide which treatment options may be best for your situation,
depending on your type of personality disorder, your symptoms and their severity, your personal preferences, insurance coverage, affordability, treatment side effects, and other factors.
In some cases, a personality disorder may be so severe that a doctor, loved one or guardian may need to guide your care until you’re well enough to participate in decision making.
References
Frisch, L.E. (2006).
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing. Cleveland Ohio: Delmar.
From mayoclinic.com , retrieved 01-2011:
“>Personalitydisorders.
From Wikipedia, retrieved 01-2011:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder.
