In this assignment I shall be describing and analysing the different strategies used by the public services to help reduce crime and disorder. Finally, I shall be evaluating the NIM strategy which is used by the public services.
The public services use the following strategies to reduce crime and disorder:
• The national intelligence Model (NIM)
• Safer communities
• Multi-agency partnerships
The National intelligence model (NIM)
The National intelligence model (NIM) is a business strategy for law enforcement agencies and it became the policy of the association of chief police officers in 2000 and was adopted by all the forces in 2004. The National Intelligence Model is made up of 11 main elements which combined together make up a coordinated, proactive approach to policing.
Policing used to be controlled by the police responding to emergency calls from the public, however, this method made it difficult to analyse crime data and the observation of common crimes and hotspots which the police could use to tackle the criminal behaviour. The National Intelligence model also helps the other forces by sharing the information and intelligence that they have to promote the fight against crime.
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The national intelligence model strategy has been very successful as it makes it easier to identify crime trends and problem areas. The strategy also helps to encourage sharing and solving problems between the other public services, which gives the opportunity to take a shared approach to resolving problems.
The gathering and analysing of crime data is very useful as it can help the public services in the following ways:
The crime data that is collected will be very useful to the public services as it will help them to target and coordinate their response correctly. It helps the police by telling them which areas have high crime rates and need more police resources. It will also help the police to find out how effective their crime fighting strategies are and how they can be improved.
The national intelligence model strategy helps the police to ensure that their crime information is used in more effective way, for example, closing old loopholes and helping them when they are collecting evidence.
The NIM can also aid the police in following ways:
• Ensuring that crime information is shared so that criminals can be tracked and stopped before they commit any more crimes.
• The strategy also helps the police to find out the cause of the crime. This helps NIM to liaise better with partner agencies.
NIM is good for finding out intelligence and information, the only problem with NIM is that it requires lots of police involvement in the community to seek out the correct information.
Safer communities and multi-agency partnerships
The aim of the safer community initiatives is to reduce the fear of crime and provide effective crime prevention. There are many safer community initiatives that have been formed to deal with these issues. The main community initiatives are the following:
• Neighbourhood Watch
• Community Action Teams
• police community Support Officers
• Community Wardens
• Neighbourhood Policing
Neighbourhood watch is a partnership of local residents, businesses and groups who have come together to make their own community a safer and better place to live. Neighbourhood watch involves the following organisations:
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• Police
• Local authorities
• Volunteers
• Families
The main purpose of the neighbourhood watch initiative is to reduce the fear of crime by improving the security of homes and businesses in the local area. Another responsibility they have is to setup crime watch groups in communities so that residents can watch out for criminal behaviour and report this to the police.
Crime watch groups are usually run by the residents of a particular area, for example a street or a block of flats. Crime watch groups are very useful as they help to promote partnerships and cooperation between the various agencies and individuals involved. Crime watch groups also help the police and neighbourhood watch coordinators to find out what the current crime trends are, and to help spread awareness amongst the local community.
Community action teams are groups of community workers who work with a range of people in and communities, and especially in inner city areas. The community action team’s work involves them getting residents to engage in a partnership which helps the community by improving the services in the area. The community action teams will try to get as many people as they can as the more they can encourage working together, the better the communities services will be. The community action teams can also help the community to overcome any religious and cultural divides and barriers.
The community action teams are also involved in the following types of projects:
• Community safety plans
• Community surveys
• Festivals
• Training
• Crime diversion projects
• Tenant participation projects
In some areas community action teams have access to budgets which local residents can bid for to help them deliver a project such as a summer festival or help towards a youth project, for example football coaching. Projects like this help the local youths by giving them something to do and keeps them off the streets and less likely to cause a nuisance or annoyance to local residents.
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The main role of police community support officers is to be a reassuring presence on the streets to help reduce the fear of crime amongst residents in an area. A key aspect of their role is reducing antisocial behaviour, this means dealing with minor offences, deterring young people from committing offences and providing crime prevention advice. Community support officers also offer their support at major events, crime scenes and at major incidents.
Community wardens perform many roles which mainly depend on problems which are identified in a specific community. Community wardens work alongside the local authorities and it is their role to work in partnership with local residents to keep the environment safe, clean and tidy. They are less involved in reducing crime but they have the same aims as the other community workers, a key one is helping to stop antisocial behaviour which damages the community. For example, reducing littering and damage of fences and parks etc.
Community wardens have the power to prosecute people under the clean neighbourhood and environment act 2005. They can also issue fixed penalty notices to individuals who allow their dogs to foul on the street and litter, these offences cause harm to the community.
Evaluating the National Intelligence Model
There are many positive aspects to the NIM strategy and some negative aspects also. The positive aspects are:
• Enables police and partner agencies to focus resources
• Endorses enforcement and prevention techniques
• Allows for staff flexibility and sharing of resources
• Systematic approach ensures high levels of ownership and accountability
• The multi-agency approach delivers more sustainable results
• Monitoring and assessment methods are good
• The NIM clearly sets out the infrastructure requirements for success
• The NIM provides a well structured mechanism for a three-tiered approach for analysis and response:
o Level 1 – deals with issues of crime and antisocial behaviour at basic command unit level
o Level 2 – deals with offenders or other specific issues that require a cross-boarder approach
o Level 3 – deals with serious and organised crime, as well as security matters on an national or international level
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• The NIM outlines exactly how the problem identification process should take place
• The NIM outlines a range of techniques which help reduce the opportunity for crimes to be committed, a few examples are:
o Introduce steering wheel locks
o Install alley gates
o Electronic tags on goods in shops
o Improve the design of streets
o Install CCTV
o Install alarms
I have identified a number of negative points in relation to the NIM and these are:
• Not all police forces have introduced the NIM systematically, which has resulted in a considerable waste of resources in some areas
• There has been some confusion as to how problem oriented approaches integrate with the NIM
• Some programmes has failed because they are impracticable, some of the reasons for this are that there have been a lack of relevant skills, the infrastructure has not been correct or there has not been the time or willingness to deliver the project.
• Some have criticised the NIM because it focuses too much on enforcement, which is where the problem solving methodology can help turning the focus on crime prevention.
To conclude I feel that the NIM is a very good business model which enables police forces to work together and to take a problem solving approach. The key to success is the partnership approach with many agencies working together with local resident’s to tackle targeted problems and issues.
The NIM is a platform that enables partnership members to share information, identify and tackle problems and to process information into intelligence which can be analysed. Its success does depend on good leadership to make sure that all the work is on track and to ensure that the right infrastructure, resources and direction are in place.
I feel that the NIM has been very successful, and this can be backed-up by the following performance information which I have taken from the Greater Manchester Police crimemapper web site:
The overall average number of reported crimes in Greater Manchester area has reduced by 5.9% in the three month period September, October and November 2010, compared to the same period in the previous year.
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The average number of anti social behaviour incidents in Greater Manchester area has reduced by 34.7% for the three month period September, October and November 2010, compared to the same period in the previous year.
The average number of violent crimes in the Greater Manchester area has reduced by 9.7% in the three month period September, October and November 2010, compared to the same period the previous year.
Over the same period of time vehicle crime was down by 25% and robberies were down by 16.3%.
One area of crime which has shown an increase in the Greater Manchester area in the three month period September, October and November 2010 is burglary, which is up by 0.7% on the previous year.
The majority of these statistics in the Greater Manchester area show a good improvement over a 12 month period, which I feel is evidence that the National Intelligence model is having a positive effect.
