Rummaging through rubbish for personal information (dumpster diving)
Retrieving personal data from redundant IT equipment and storage media including PCs, servers, PDAs, mobile phones, USB memory sticks and hard drives that have been disposed of carelessly at public dump sites, given away or sold on without having been properly sanitized
Using public records about individual citizens, published in official registers such as electoral rolls
Stealing bank or credit cards, identification cards, passports, authentication tokens … typically by pickpocketing, housebreaking or mail theft
Skimming information from bank or credit cards using compromised or hand-held card readers, and creating clone cards
Using ‘contactless’ credit card readers to acquire data wirelessly from RFID-enabled passports
Observing users typing their login credentials, credit/calling card numbers etc. into IT equipment located in public places (shoulder surfing)
Stealing personal information from computers using malware, particularly Trojan horse keystroke logging programs or other forms of spyware
Hacking computer networks, systems and databases to obtain personal data, often in large quantities
Exploiting breaches that result in the publication or more limited disclosure of personal information such as names, addresses, Social Security number or credit card numbers
The Essay on Information Systems, Data, And Knowledge
Each company has an information system that uses data, knowledge, and information in order to make operations more effective. Although this system may vary, each company records some type of data, analyses it, and uses the feedback to make decisions or changes through tout the company. This is having an information system within the company. Throughout this essay, information systems will be ...
Advertising bogus job offers in order to accumulate resumes and applications typically disclosing applicants’ names, home and email addresses, telephone numbers and sometimes their banking details
Exploiting insider access and abusing the rights of privileged IT users to access personal data on their employers’ systems
Infiltrating organizations that store and process large amounts or particularly valuable personal information
Impersonating trusted organizations in emails, SMS text messages, phone calls or other forms of communication in order to dupe victims into disclosing their personal information or login credentials, typically on a fake corporate website or data collection form (phishing)
Brute-force attacking weak passwords and using inspired guesswork to compromise weak password reset questions
Obtaining castings of fingers for falsifying fingerprint identification.
Browsing social networking websites for personal details published by users, often using this information to appear more credible in subsequent social engineering activities
Diverting victims’ email or post in order to obtain personal information and credentials such as credit cards, billing and bank/credit card statements, or to delay the discovery of new accounts and credit agreements opened by the identity thieves in the victims’ names
Using false pretenses to trick individuals, customer service representatives and help desk workers into disclosing personal information and login details or changing user passwords/access rights (pretexting)
Stealing cheques (checks) to acquire banking information, including account numbers and bank routing numbers[14]
Guessing Social Security numbers by using information found on Internet social networks such as Facebook and MySpace [15]
Low security/privacy protection on photos that are easily clickable and downloaded on social networking sites.
Befriending strangers on social networks and taking advantage of their trust until private information are given.
Cybercrimes are defined as: “Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)”.[4]
The Essay on Handling Information In Health And Social Care Settings
1.1 Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care. There are several forms of legislation and codes of practice relating to handling information in health and social care including: Data Protection act 1998 Freedom of information act 2000 Disability discrimination act 1998 Health and social care act 2012 Codes of practice set out by the ...
Identity theft is a form of stealing another person’s identity in which someone pretends to be someone else by assuming that person’s identity, typically in order to access resources or obtain credit and other benefits in that person’s name. The victim of identity theft (here meaning the person whose identity has been assumed by the identity thief) can suffer adverse consequences if they are held accountable for the perpetrator’s actions. Organizations and individuals who are duped or defrauded by the identity thief can also suffer adverse consequences and losses, and to that extent are also victims.
4.^ * Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2011) Cyber crime and the Victimization of Women: Laws, Rights, and Regulations. Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global. ISBN: 978-1-60960-830-9
5.^ Internet Security Systems. March-2005.
Biogas Productions as a Means to Sustainable Energy
Society in affluent countries produces more garbage than ever before. Garbage in the form of packaging is obvious, but garbage caused by processing and production of the goods we buy and eat is less obvious to consumers and very little attention is paid to it. Modern society is driven by personal comfort and utilizes more energy per capita than ever before. Utilizing garbage to generate energy with an associated reduction in volume will benefit society and the environment.
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Discussion
Livestock farmers are confronted with animals that eat, digest, and absorb what is required and excrete the residue. The residue is full of microorganisms that may include pathogenic species. According to European Economic Community regulations, pre-pasteurization at 70ºC for 60 minutes are required (Bagge, Sahlström, & Albihn, 2005).
Using livestock residue as a primary substrate for energy conversion will have concomitant benefits including material recycling and prevention of environmental pollution (Fujino, Morita, Matsuoka, & Sawayama, 2005).
The most common symptoms of environmental pollution are bad odors, soil contamination, and aquifer and river pollution caused by increased fertilizer constituents in feed (Fujino et al., 2005).
The Term Paper on Energy the Present and Future Scenario
It warms and cools our homes, cooks our food, plays our music, and gives us pictures on television. Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work. We use energy to do work and make all movements. When we eat, our bodies transform the food into energy to do work. When we run or walk or do some work, we ‘burn’ energy in our bodies. Cars, planes, trolleys, boats, and machinery also ...
It is also possible to ferment other substrates such as carbohydrates in industrial effluent caused by processing of crops (Sekiguchi, Kamata, & Harada, 2001).
For complex carbohydrates a two step process starting with “liquefaction digesters coupled with a methane fixed-film digester” (Linke, 2006, p. 892) is used.
The amount of waste materials that have to be dealt with can be very large. The livestock residue in Japan in 2000 was 90.5 Mt, or about 22% of total industrial waste (Fujino et al., 2005).
Bagge et al., (2005) reported that four commercial biogas plants in Sweden received low risk animal waste from 50 farms amounting to 91,000 cubic meters per year and this produced gas with an energy content of 59 million kWh/a. Converting this to energy usage in Minnesota, it would supply energy to 3500 households for a year.
Plant residue can also be converted to methane in anaerobic digesters. Assuming that only 20% of the available arable land in Austria will be used to produce energy crops while the rest will produce regular rotation crops then the amount of methane that can be produced in Austria will have an energy value of 1,209,000 million kWh/a and the methane will be equivalent to 104 million ton crude oil (Amon et al., In press).
This will be enough to supply energy to 72 million household in Minnesota. The biomass yield from rotation crops include corn silage, wheat straw, barley straw, sugar beet leaves, pressed beet pulp, and sunflower whole crop silage yielding an average of 2593 m³ methane per ha per annum (Amon et al., In press).
Methane fermentation technology
Anaerobic fermentation produces limited energy and the lower heat loss causes more energy to be left in the products that are produced (Sekiguchi et al. 2001).
Many researchers are developing methods that will reduce retention time in the digester (Linke, 2006).
Solid-state anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials as practiced in landfills is very slow and variable (Martin, 2001).
The Term Paper on Energy Assignment
From the moment we wake up in the morning until the time we go to bed each night, we all use different forms of energy to perform our daily activities. On a daily basis I use energy for transportation to commute to and from work and run errands; for cooking meals using either my gas range, microwave or charcoal grill; for heating my home in the winter and cooling my home in the summer; for daily ...
Digesters will frequently operate at solid levels of 4 – 6% (Bagge et al., 2005).
Digestion can be speeded up from the traditional 20 – 25 days when mesophilic organisms are used to 10 – 20 days when thermophilic organisms are used (Bagge et al.).
The retention time was even more drastically reduced from 20 days to 1.9 h in anaerobic packed bed down-flow reactors when specialized substrates were used (Sasaki et al., 2006).
Invention of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor revolutionized methane fermentation technology (Sekiguchi et al., 2001).
When a liquefaction digester is coupled with a methane digester, 87% of organic matter can be removed (Linke, 2006).
The small amount of solid waste coming from the bioreactors can be heat treated at 70ºC for 1 hour to reduce most pathogens (Bagge et al., 2005).
Biogas does not occur as pure methane and is therefore not a substitute for natural gas (Fujino et al., 2005).
Biogas has an energy potential of 25.1 MJN m-3 while city gas has an energy potential of 41.9 MJN m-3 and this will cause a significant problem to produce stable combustion (Fujino et al., 2005).
Biogas also contains hydrogen sulfide that must be removed to limit the amount of sulfur dioxide that is formed during combustion. Sulfur dioxide will combine with water to form sulfurous acid that is a serious air contaminant.
Conclusion
Using anaerobic digestion is a feasible way to reduce our use of fossil fuels as a primary energy source. If heating and electricity generation is done by using methane there will be more oil left to refine into gasoline, making us less dependent on foreign energy reserves. It is not only economically feasible but also environmentally friendly. It must however, be borne in mind that most of the studies done did not take transportation cost of waste products into consideration.
References
Bagge, E., Sahlström, L., Albihn, A. (2005).
The effect of hygienic treatment on the microbial flora of biowaste at biogas plants [Electronic version]. Water Research 39, 4879-4886.
Fujino, J., Morita, A., Matsuoka, Y., Sawayama, S. (2005).
Vision for utilization of livestock residue as bioenergy resource in Japan [Electronic version]. Biomass and Bioenergy 29, 367-374.
The Essay on Electronic Version Customer Process Bmw
B ISM 2601 Web Smart 50 Research Project The application of Internet technologies has been a growing trend in the business world for nearly a decade. More and more companies are realizing the benefits of using the web. Web use has morphed from information exchange only to enhancements for collaboration, customer service and customization. These applications now lead to increasing profits; cutting ...
Sekiguchi, Y., Kamata, Y., Harada, H., (2001).
Recent advances in methane fermentation technology [Electronic version]. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 12, 277-282.
Linke, B. (2006).
Kinetic study of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of solid wastes from potato processing [Electronic version]. Biomass and Bioenergy 30, 892-896.
Amon, T., Amon, B., Kryvoruchko, V., Machmüller, A., Hopfner-Sixt, K., Bodiroza, V., Hrbek, R., Friedel, J., Pötsch, E., Wagentristl, H., Schreiner, M., Zollitsch, W. (In press).
Methane production through anaerobic digestion of various energy crops grown in sustainable crop rotations [Electronic version]. Bioresource Technology 98, 3204-3212.
Sasaki, K., Haruta, S., Masahiro, T., Yamazawa, A., Ueno, Y., Ishii, M., Igarashi, Y. (2006).
Microbial community in methanogenic packed-bed reactor successfully operating at short hydraulic retention time [Electronic version]. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 101(3), 271-273.
Martin, D. J. (2001).
Accelerated biogas production without leachate recycle [Electronic version]. Renewable Energy 24, 535-538.
