The South African election of 1948 was won by Daniel F Malan, a Protestant and member of the political Reunited Nation Party. D F Malan became the first Prime Minister of the South African Apartheid policy. The Grand Apartheid separated races on a much larger scale while the Petty Apartheid gave way to smaller changes. The first law of the Grand Apartheid was the Population Act of 1950. This act formalized racial classifications into Whites, Coloured, Blacks, and Indians. All races, over the age of 18, were issued identification cards based on their racial group. The second law was the Group Areas Act of 1950. Under this law it was determined where a person would live based strictly on their race. Each race was allotted its own area; this later became the basis for forced removals. In 1951 black shackland slums were destroyed and white employers were forced to pay for the construction of housing for blacks permitted to reside in cities predominantly white. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited South Africa citizens from marrying different races. In addition to this in 1950 the Immortality Act made sexual relations with persons of a different race a criminal offense.
The next major effect of the South African Apartheid was the Homeland System. This system attempted to divide South Africa into separate states based on ethnic groups. The ten homeland states allocated to blacks were the Lebowa, QwaQwa, Boputha/Sawana, KwaZulu, KaNgwane, Transkei, Ciskei, Gazankulu, Venda, and KwaNdebele. Each of the states was allowed to set independent government policies for their people. Of these Homeland States four accepted independence Transkei in 1976, Bophuthatswana in 1977, Venda in 1979, and Ciskei in 1981. Once independent each state was required to make their people citizens; causing their South African citizenship to be revoked.
The Essay on Member State Oau African States
Organization of African Unity Origins The Organization of African Unity is a common, and one of the first, examples of Pan-African ism. The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963 in Addis Abeba which is a city in Ethiopia. The Membership has grown from 32 independent Member States in 1963, to the total of 53 today. Now, one interesting development is that the OAU will soon no longer ...
Forced Removals became a major problem with the Apartheid during this time period. The South African government issued a policy of “re-settlement” while implementing forces to move people to their designated areas. 3.5 million people were forced to move from their homes and neighborhoods. Under the Slum Clearance Program, labor tenants on white owned farms, surplus people from urban areas, inhabitants of the so called “black spots”, areas of black owned land surrounded by white farms, and families of workers living in townships close to homelands were forced to move. Thousands of were required to move from the Western Cape under what was declared “The Coloured Labor Preference Act”. This act caused families to relocate to Transkei and Ciskei homelands. The best published forced removal act was the 1950’s Johannesburg removal. 60,000 were moved to the new township of Soweto. Sophiatown, an urban area that blacks were allowed to own land, slowly developed into a multiracial slum. As industries in Johannesburg grew, Sophiatown became home to the rapidly growing black work force. Sophiatown housed the only public swimming pool for black people, in addition to this it was unique in that the town contained 50,000 people ranging in vibrancy and culture. On February 9, 1955, Sophiatown’s residents were awoken in the early hours of the day by armed police officers and forced to leave their homes. Their personal belongings were placed in government trucks to never be seen again. Sophiatown’s residents were taken to a large tract of land 13 miles from the city center to Meadowland. Meadowland later became known as the new black city of Sewoto. Sophiatown was destroyed by the white government and a new suburb named Triomf, “Triumph”, was built. Other major forced removals during this time period included Cato Manor in Durban, the District of Cape Town, and 55,000 coloured or Indian people being forced to move from Capeflats.
The Essay on Government by the People
The population growth has caused concern for many Americans because of the terms of numbers and poverty that comes with this growth. There is a pattern showing of wealth transferring from poorer nations to the richer nations of the globe and the information technology revolution is speeding this cycle up. With population growth reaching new heights new concerns for increasing urban growth has ...
The Apartheid sparked significant internal resistance and the South African government was forced to respond to a great number of popular uprisings. In 1949, the youth wing of the African National Congress became in control of the organization. Their philosophy was that the white government could only be overthrown through massive protests and campaigns. In 1950, a series of strikes, boycotts and civil disobedience actions led to occasional violent clashes with the white authorities. In 1959, several disenchanted African National Congress formed the Pan Africanist Congress. This new group led several demonstrations against the white government. Of these protest most recognized is the Sharpesville Massacre. During this massacre, 69 people from the town of Sharpesville were killed by police officers. In May of 1961, during the inauguration of South Africa becoming a republic the banned African National Congress threatened demonstrations and strikes if not taken seriously. One of the main organizers of this event was Nelson Mandela. The South African government did not take the strikers serious causing the strikers to carry out their threats. The government instructed the police force to arrest all people protesting and striking.
During the years of 1961 to the mid 1980’s the South African government and black radical groups battled for a fall of the Apartheid. On June 12, 1986 the country of South African was declared in state of emergency. In 1978 Nationalist Party Defense Minister, Pieter Willem Botha, became Prime Minister. Botha’s entire white staff became worried that outside countries were going to help revolutionaries in South Africa. The new government argued that it was spending too much money trying to maintain the segregated homelands that had been created for the different races. South Africa had become an outlaw in the world community of nations. Countries began boycotting South Africa and for the release of Nelson Mandela. This became the beginning fall of the South African Apartheid.
The Term Paper on Monitoring And Evaluation In South African Government
1.1 Introduction The approach to the Monitoring & Evaluation systems by different countries is diverse depending on the context and the background factors that govern the particular country’s development priorities, as well as the pressing issues of reform at a particular time. Some countries develop Monitoring and Evaluation systems as an opportunistic reactionary measure against stressful ...
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