ARTICLE REVIEW
Article: “THE USE OF DRUG IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD”
Author: Taha Baaasher, FRC Psych
Regional Adviser on Mental Health, WHO EMBRO
In the article THE USE OF DRUG IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD , author Taha Baaasher, FRC describes the development of the Islamic community and the control of alcoholism within context of overall socio-cultural changes. The author also reviews the origin and use of opium, cannabis, khat and synthetic psychoactive and the role of Islam in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse..
At the beginning of this article, author explain the historical of the brewing alcohol from dates, grape, honey and doura that was generally popular among pre Islamic communities living in the Arabian Peninsular. In the pagan pre Islamic Meccan society, the use of alcohol was highly praised for its pleasure producing and euphoric effects. At this time the social life was riddled with a variety of harmful practices, such as the killing of male children because of poverty or female children for fear of shame. Although the use of alcohol was clearly identified as disruptive social evil there are no specific prohibitions from any holy commandment, revelations and Al Quran at that time. The author use the references through the revelation from Prophet Muhammad and the Quranic in order to stated the early stage regarding the problem use of alcohol until the prohibition of alcohol and the punishment for alcohol user. As a muslim we cannot resist the statements contained in the Holy Quran and Hadith. I’m strongly agree with the author about writing based on al quran and hadith. The references through the hadith and sunnah are strongly support the evidence about the prohibition the use of alcohol and the Islamic jurist and scholars have primarily formulated and agreed its can be use in the problem the use of drugs. There are also 31 references given by author to support his article such as the verse in Quran in detail, the book, the article and the bulletin in detail pages/years.
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In the explanation about the the origin and the use of drug the author stated opium and its derivatives were known in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt that it was initially used for the relief of pain and the induction of sleep. Due to various socio-economic, cultural and political factors the habit continued, mainly in countries such as Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt, Pakistan and Turkey, where opium was grown, either legally or illegally. For Cannabis There is no evidence to indicate the use of cannabis in ancient Islamic countries. However, its therapeutic use as an anaesthetic was first reported in an early Chinese treatise on remedies; the information gradually trickled to India, the Tigris and Euphrates Region, Iran and Arabia. There are no specific evidence on historical background of khat write by author .The rapid increase of manufactured and the productivity and closer relationship between industrialized and Islamic countries, more and more new drugs becoming available for public use also call synthetic drugs such as amphetamines, barbiturates and metaqualone.
The use of drugs that commonly abused in the countries of Islamic World as explain previously, there are no reference to any of these drugs except alcohol. No direct mention from the Holy Scripture or in the Prophet’s all embracing Hadith/Sunna. Because the lack of specific references for use of drug , its become the dilemma and the use of drugs is still continued in Sudan and Egypt because they claimed that it is not wrong to indulge in the use of drugs ‘ because they have not been prohibited by God and any way they are not mentioned in the Quran’. To denied this question, the author support that based on experience with khamr (wine) however, the Islamic law has clearly stipulated that whatever constitutes a dependence-producing drug and which, therefore, should be regarded as harmful, should not be used by a true Muslim. Islamic jurists and scholars have primarily formulated the definition of a narcotic substance on the original Islamic concept of khamr, which has been clearly described as ‘any substance which causes clouding of the mind and interferes with rational thinking’.
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The use of dependence-producing drugs in the various Islamic countries has been somewhat varied and complex. Availability of the drug concerned, the socio-cultural environment, economic conditions, political power and a host of other factors have in one way or another influenced the spread or the control of dependence-producing drugs. Several questions can be raised regarding (a) the factors contributing to the spread of the non-medical use of drugs and (b) the potential measures for control. These questions will be briefiy dealt with here; special reference will be made to how the Islamic doctrine has been involved in such circumstances or how the Islamic institutions have been used in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse. From author studied there are a complete ignorance of Islamic precepts regarding the’ sinful’ and harmful social consequences of narcotic substances. The Islamic rule, as clearly revealed in the Quran, is to desist from khamr, present day experience generally shows that countries which strictly observe this commandment have been particularly immune to the consumption of alcohol and related problems; this is especially significant as alcohol is the only psychoactive substance
with immense social and public health problems still not subject to any legal international restrictions or controlling measures. The mosque as a social and religious institution, as experience has proved in Egypt , can play a most effective and useful role in the prevention and treatment of drug dependence
The importance of enhancing the role of religious institutions seems all the more logical when it is realized that modes and means of prevention such as legal prohibition of opium, cannabis, khat and synthetic psychoactive substances (which has been introduced in the majority of the Islamic countries at various times), have proved in many circumstances alien, ineffective and inappropriate. The author studied also shows the action to gazette the legal Prohibition the use of drugs in certain country such as in Pakistan made the law of the Prohobition( Enforcement of Hadd) Order, 1979, which aims ‘to modify the existing law relating to prohibition of intoxicants so as to bring into conformity with the Injunctions of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and Sunna’, The Opium Act, 1878; the Dangerous Drugs Acts, 1930; and the West Pakistan Prohibition of Opium Smoking Act, 1958. In essence the law seeks, in the Islamic spirit, to prohibit possession, manufacture, transport, import, export, sale and consumption of intoxi- cants. The degree of success of the Prohibition Order, 1979, depends on a number of factors, particularly the willingness, conviction and effective support of the people. This by necessity takes time. Another promising development is the country-wide drug treatment programme with strong official commitment and international support and also effective community involvement was applied.
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