In the late 1950 s, due to the former Soviet Union successfully launching a satellite into space with the help of a multi-stage missile, the United States then began to address the idea of missile defenses. Soon, both offensive and defensive long-range ballistic missile development would be placed on our government’s agenda. The objective was simple, to develop a system that could track down any missiles launched at the United States, and eliminate them before they reached their designated targets. Nike-Zeus was one of the first U. S. efforts to mount a defense against ballistic missiles.
Its concept called for a 400-kiloton nuclear warhead to be detonated when in range with incoming missiles. This design had numerous flaws, and after several decades of improvements, it was updated during Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency. By this time in 1967, the United States realized it could never stop an all-out attach by the Soviets, and therefore shifted its efforts to protecting major cities from attack. Following the 1969 election of Richard Nixon, the missile defense focus shifted once again, this time to guarding cities with vital military stations. The United States and Soviet Union we now in full-fledged competition to see whose systems would be completed fastest, and with the most efficiency.
The Term Paper on Five Year Plan Stalin State Soviet
By 1928, Stalin had ousted Trotsky and the rest of the Left opposition. In four years, Stalin had single handedly taken major steps away from Lenins collective leadership and free inter party debate and replaced them with his autocratic dictatorship. Stalin began to secure predominant power over the communist party and the state by destroying passive opposition from the peasantry and former Lenin ...
In 1972, to help curb excessive production of long-range defense systems, the U. S. and Soviet Union signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. This treaty limited both powers to having only two anti-ballistic missile sites. In a 1983 televised nationwide address, President Reagan relayed his thoughts on how the U. S.
could take the lead in the missile systems race. He announced the initiation of the Strategic Defense Initiative, also known as Star Wars. This initiative remained intact well into the early 1990 s, when after the collapse of the Soviet Union, President George Bush called a review where he changed the focus of the SDI to defending deployed American forces from missile threats. When the Clinton Administration came into power in 1993, the SDI became the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. The new organization projected that a defense system would be deployed by 2003, but due to technological defects, a foolproof system has not yet been constructed. The attitudes of competing countries towards our development of a defense system seem to follow a specific pattern of opposition.
China, for instance, who has highlighted their national interests as economic development, reunification with Taiwan, and strengthening their power globally, say they would feel compelled to counter any developments the U. S. makes in the missile defense race, with developments of their own. In their opinion, an increase in spending for that cause would drastically throw off the economic balance that they have worked to achieve.
Secondly, Japan, who wishes to remain non-threatening to the United States as well as our neighbors, is seeking to maintain its military alliances. This, along with its continued contributions to international economic and political organizations that provide order to international relations, are Japan’s main national interests (Berry 1).
They feel that since Japan has been left out of most national missile Defense talks previously, the strengthening of the United State’s missile defense would only weaken our alliance with one another. Russia, whose deteriorating military efficiency has caused their officials to question why President Bush wants to eliminate the 1972 ABM treaty outlawing country-wide missile defense systems, is not in favor of disbanding the agreement; but rather modifying it. As a part of the agreement with Moscow, the U. S.
The Term Paper on The Building Of The American Ballistic Missile System part 1
... air defense capabilities." 2) The 1972 ABM agreement was plainly phrased to pertain to extensive planned anti-missile systems, ... report made by the National Intelligence Council in 1999 called "Foreign Missile Developments and the Ballistic Missile Threat to the ... says the Global Network Against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space. 1 Source: (http://www.space4peace.org/. Notwithstanding that U.S. ...
administration is considering reducing the number of nuclear warheads by roughly two-thirds, from the current 7, 000 to around 2, 000 (Smith 1).
The Democratic Party, whose foreign policy agenda usually only extends to support arms control and multilateral cooperation, is strongly opposed to Bush’s missile defense plans. They have maintained that spending for this venture would be too high, which potentially could divert funds from other important areas. Additionally, many fear that “adding fuel to this fire might jumpstart the next Cold War (Smith 1).” Republicans, on the other hand, have to play their cards very carefully.
With Senator James Jefford’s decision to leave the Republican Party, shifting Senate control to the Democrats, Republicans in Congress have pledged to see the project through, even if it means increased spending. Consequently, they have no problem deploying a national defense system, once ready, even though it would knowingly be a violation of the ABM Treaty. With technology in the Middle East being five to ten years behind that of the United States, I feel there is no need to rush the development of a national missile defense system. Given our nation’s response to the September 11 attack, the other world powers are very much aware of how far we are willing to go to seek justice. With this in mind, our retaliation tactics have and will continue to keep other countries in check. The likelihood of Russia working in conjunction with another country to develop a missile defense system is very remote.
The energy we have devoted to increasing security in airports, at the borders and other points of entry, and monitoring the actions of certain groups and individuals has all been well spent. If we divert the energy needed for these accomplishments to another area of concern, we fall in jeopardy of leaving business of progress incomplete. As it stands now, I strongly believe that missile defense can be subverted for now, and that we should continue to make progress in other areas of national security.
The Term Paper on Gis System Market Area
Abstract The author was recently asked to make a presentation on the use of geographic information systems, commonly referred to as GIS, to a local chapter of the Appraisal Institute. The purpose was to show how an appraiser or appraisal reviewer could use GIS to find cases of white collar real estate scam. The items discussed at that presentation are covered in further detail in this paper. ...
