The 1990 World Conference on Education for All in Jomtien reaffirmed the commitment of countries to meet basic learning needs of all children, youths and adults. Specific goals, in the light of which countries agreed to establish national targets, included universal access to and completion of basic education by the year 2000 and the reduction of adult illiteracy, with specific emphasis on eliminating gender disparities in educational opportunities.
However, problems of economic stagnation, continued population growth and economic and social disparities both among and within nations have posed various challenges to making this a reality. A decade has passed since Jomtien. What progress has been accomplished towards the goal of education for all? Is it possible to quantify the impact of demography on public policy, particularly on education?
To what extent did policies directed towards universal access to primary education, the elimination of gender gaps and increasing net primary school enrolment ratios succeed in overcoming the challenges of population dynamics and resource constraints? Which policies have been the most effective and what can countries learn from the experience of others? This paper examines what has been accomplished and what remains to be done, first from a global perspective and then with a focus on the less developed regions where the demographic transition is still underway and where universal basic education is still far from reality.
The Term Paper on Physical Education and Official School Policy
1. Briefly explain the relationship between physical education and sport. Physical education is focused on the child’s holistic development, stressing personal and social development, physical fitness, strength, flexibility, motor development and basic sport skills. Supports the child physically, mentally and socially. It’s happening during school set up. Its referred to as movement in ...
Changes in enrolment ratios, literacy rates, gender disparities, public investment in education, as well as shortages in educational provision and inadequate conditions of learning are considered against the backdrop of demographic changes. Regional figures, however, hide considerable variations within regions and even within countries, masking important differences in policies. In order to detect these variations, the situation of individual countries is presented for some specific issues.
The relative success of national policies in meeting EFA goals is also examined through a comparison of the E-9 countries that together account for more than half of the world’s population (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan).
Specifically, the paper: * Describes population growth at the world and regional level and summarises the recent international debate on population, development and education with a focus on the impact of education on population dynamics; *
Examines the impact of demographic growth on the achievement of education for all in the less developed regions of the world, outlining different policy approaches adopted in pursuing the goal of education for all against the demographic pressure; * Quantifies how E-9 countries have progressed towards universal primary education and the effort needed to fill the remaining gap by 2010 in terms of additional students to enrol, using different enrolment benchmarks; * Highlights some of the challenges ahead and the main priorities for action towards the achievement of education for all from the perspective of population and sustainable development. During the last forty years, the world population doubled, leading to a figure of six billion in 1999.
By the middle of the next century, the world population is projected to grow further to between 7. 3 and 10. 7 billion, with 8. 9 billion considered the most likely estimate. About half of the world’s citizens are currently under the age of 24. While fertility declined in all regions of the world, except Sub-Saharan Africa, from a global total of over 5 births per woman in 1950 to an estimated 2. births at present, the young age structure of the world population still implies a growth of 78 million per year. Another 30-40 years will have to pass, according to the scenario based on medium fertility assumptions, before the annual population increment falls back to the size of 1950. Even more significant than the rate of growth or the magnitude of the numbers involved, is the fact that ninety-seven per cent of the world population increase occurs in the less developed regions of the world. Every year the population of Asia is increasing by 50 million, the population of Africa by 17 million and that of Latin America and the Caribbean by nearly 8 million . … but so has the world economy Demographic growth must not be seen in isolation.
The Essay on Problems Created By Overpopulation Population Growth World
... a divided world, one where theories of population growth varies more widely than any time in history. In some countries, population has stabilized ... the cost of labor. To see such developments as primary causes of population growth is to ignore the central role played ... The major explanation for smaller family sizes, has been economic growth, not condom distributions or coercive birth control measures. ...
In general, it is where population growth outpaces economic growth, and thus Gross National Product (GNP) per capita declines, and where population growth reinforces social and economic disparities that pressure on economic stability and social cohesion may occur. economic growth and wealth creation in the last century have both been spectacular. While over the three centuries from 1500 to 1820, world GDP roughly tripled, during the 170 years after 1820 it increased more than 40-fold. Against this background, the world population growth seems modest . However, there has been much less success in distributing wealth than in creating it – not just across countries but also within them, creating new imbalances and further problems to be faced.
There is no general pattern in the relationship between population and development… Whether rapid population growth influences the pace of economic development, or indeed whether it is the pace of economic development that influences the rate of population growth, is a question that continues to attract the attention of the scientific and popular debate. For many years, empirical studies have failed to find evidence of strong or consistent relationships, either positive or negative, between demographic change and subsequent economic growth. Causal links and interrelationships between population and development are complex and as they also differ between countries it is difficult to identify general patterns. Furthermore, the level of economic development that a country achieved prior to the onset of rapid population growth has an impact on the consequences of that growth: in general, the more advanced the level of development, the less the impact of population growth. although in developing countries slower population growth seems to be beneficial to economic development Analytical and empirical findings seem to support the conclusion that on balance, slower population growth would be beneficial to economic development for most developing countries. Moreover, recent analyses, based on data since the end of the 1970s, have revealed fairly large negative associations between rapid population growth and growth rates of per capita output. Lately, the predominant view is that slower rates of population growth can buy more time to adjust and can increase countries’ ability to attack poverty, protect and repair the environment and build the base for future sustainable development ..
The Essay on Population Growth in Developing Countries
... have and work for their own growth and development. On the contrary, redistributing farm lands ... to these developing countries especially taking into consideration their large population (Economy Watch, 2008). ... under the same industry increases productivity rate as every individual work responsibly on ... countries from achieving their goal to diversify production and enhance their skills and economic ...
How do demographic and economic trends interact in different countries? It is instructive to examine the way in which demographic and economic trends developed and interacted in different countries. In general, in countries such as Pakistan and Nigeria, where fertility rates remain high, economic growth and wealth per capita cannot afford the annual expansion of the population at its current level. Conversely, countries such as China, Indonesia, Brazil, and Egypt, where the population is growing at slower rates and the demographic transition is underway, benefit from increasing rates of economic growth and present an increased wealth per capita.
Although any conclusion is preliminary, the evidence presented seems to shows, for the E-9 countries, a negative association between rapid population growth and growth rates of per capita output. Rising levels of education play an important role in accelerating the pace of the transition Concern with rapid population growth has led researchers and policymakers to examine the determinants of fertility change. In particular, increased participation of women in education has proved to have an important impact on reducing maternal, infant and child mortality, to be consistently associated with lower fertility and to contribute to gender equality .
The Homework on Challenges Faced by a Country for Economic Development
An economy is flourishing and is shown to be beneficial and fruitful for the people living in it only when the growth of the economy goes up continuously. It is essential for a country to not only develop politically or socially but it also needs to demonstrate economic development in order to sustain in the international market and in order to come ahead of other countries. But it is not very ...
The Jomtien conference as well as most of the education and development conferences held in the 1990s underlined the centrality of education, recognizing its role and benefits in combating poverty, empowering women, promoting human rights and democracy, protecting the environment and controlling population growth. In this perspective, education has been conceptualised as a fundamental right of all human beings and a goal in itself on the one hand, and as an essential means of action for pursuing development objectives in the perspective of sustainability on the other.
