The wing area is calculated by multiplying the half-span by 2 to get the full span and multiplying by the chord to get the area. The definition of wing area is not obvious and different companies define the areas differently. Here, we always take the reference wing area to be that of the trapezoidal portion of the wing projected into the centerline. The leading and trailing edge chord extensions are not included in this definition and for some airplanes, such as Boeing’s Blended Wing Body, the difference can be almost a factor of two between the “real” wing area and the “trap area”.
Some companies use reference wing areas that include portions of the chord extensions, and in some studies, even tail area is included as part of the reference area. For simplicity, we use the trapezoidal area in this text. | | | Reference Wing Area| Exposed Wing Area| Area Affected by Flaps| In addition to the reference area, we use the exposed planform area depicted above in the calculation of skin friction drag and the wetted area which is a bit more than twice the exposed planform area. 2. Number of the wings 3. Vertical position relative to the fuselage (high, mid, or low wing) 4.
Horizontal position relative to the fuselage 5. Cross section (or airfoil) 6. Aspect ratio (AR) The ratio of the wing’s length to its chord line. A wing with a high aspect ratio will perform well at slow speeds and produce large quantities of lift, but at the expense of maneuverability and airspeed. A wing with a low aspect ratio on the other hand will have a sleek appearance and allow an aircraft to fly faster, or be more maneuverable. The aspect ratio (AR) of a wing is defined to be the square of the span (s)divided by the wing area (A).
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Aspect ratio is a measure of how long and slender a wing is from tip to tip. For a rectangular wing, this reduces to the ratio of the span to the chord length (c): AR = s^2 / A = s^2 / (s * c) = s / c High aspect ratio wings have long spans (like high performance gliders), while low aspect ratio wings have either short spans or thick chords (like the Space Shuttle).
Gliders have a high aspect ratio because the drag of the aircraft depends on this parameter. A higher aspect ratio gives a lower drag, a higher lift to drag ratio, and a better glide angle. 7.
Taper ratio Taper ratio is defined as the ratio between the tip chord (Ct) nd the root chord (Cr)11. This definition is applied to the wing, as well as the horizontal tail, and the vertical tail. Root chord and tip chord are illustrated in figure. ?= ctip/croot Knowing the area (Sw), taper ratio () and the span (b) of the wing, and whether the wing has sweep or not, the chord at any position on the span can be calculated by the formula where The geometric result of taper is a smaller tip chord. In general, the taper ratio varies between zero and one. 0
