CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This study will examine the overall affect on society, as well as the historical aspect of the integration of African-Americans, into sports in the United States of America. This study is also designed to discuss and or break down any racial stereotypes involving African-American athletes. Most importantly, this study will also examine the progression that African-Americans have made on the field as athletes and in corporate America as well. The overall affect that integration had on society will be discussed first. The acceptance and the scrutiny of the African-American athlete will be examined. Secondly, the researcher will discuss some of the many racial stereotypes that African-American athletes have to live up to or even hold their heads in shame because of.
The third and final area of research is to discuss the progression that African-Americans have made in the world of sports during the years after integration. The majority of the literature for this study was obtained from various websites and written material discussing the aforementioned topics. This study will not be the first of kind, however the information that was discovered is different than previous studies that have been done on this topic. Since the birth of the United States, this society has been capitalistic in nature. The basis of capitalism is competition. The business that is the best will win or make the most money.
This is also the true nature of sports as well. Even though sports took on this mentality, it is still leaps and bounds ahead of society when it comes to equality. After- all Jackie Robison was a Brooklyn Dodger five years prior to the Brown vs. Board of Education case in 1954. In many ways sports in America have become a microcosm of what society should be.
The Essay on African American Slavery
America is a racial country, which consists of many different nation people. In the period of 17th and 18th century, Africans were the main colonials in American. By the American Revolution, 20 percent of the overall population in the thirteen colonies was of African descent. The legalized practice of enslaving blacks occurred in every colony. ' American's Journey Through Slavery, the first ...
Although Jackie Robinson’s barrier breaking entrance into the Major Leagues was probably the most important event to take place in sport history, it is not the first time African-Americans were involved in sports. Early records have shown that African Americans were involved in these sports whenever given the opportunity to participate. On the other hand, American sports are filled with records of African American athletes capable of participating in the broad sports arena but not given the chance due to their race. Therefore, as sports grew into an American popular pastime, it also grew along on separate fields with race as a dividing line. Most sporting events were separated by race up until the 1940’s.
For the few African Americans who were ready and able to cross that line, they had to pay a heavy price. They became the prime symbol of their race in that individual sport. They were, at times, teased, harassed, and belittled while demonstrating their skills in the sports arena (Sylvester, 1997).
The integration and stardom of blacks in sports were major turning points in history. Not only did these events revolutionize those sports but people’s minds as well. The struggle of these athletes helped people to realize the truth in the notion that all men are created equal.
As time went on society began to realize that African-American athletes and the entire race as a whole, could do anything if only given ample opportunity. The great work that Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King did was exemplified on the filed of play by great athletes such as Althea Gibson, Jack Johnson, and Jessie Owens. Presently, the African-American are at the forefront of success in relation to the level of play.
Many people believe that African-Americans are far more athletically advanced when people compare them to other races of people. The popularity of the African-American athlete has reached a plateau that was unimaginable just 70 years prior to today. There was survey done on Michael Jordan’s comeback during the 2001-2002 NBA season. The survey was done people who were just walking along Venice Beach in California. The people were given two pictures. One was a picture of Michael Jordan and the other was a picture of Jesus Christ.
The Term Paper on Native American Mascots in Sports
College/university and professional sports team’s symbols and mascots are highly visible. Most often, fans take the values attributed to sport symbols seriously. A certain symbolism is projected by athletic team nicknames in general. In most cases, athletic team’s names are animals, objects, or natural phenomena. Symbols can be positive such as bravery, courage, and strength, or ...
They were then asked which did they recognize first. The fact that the majority of the people said they recognized the photo of Michael Jordan tells us a lot about our society and the role the African-American plays in our society (Lapchick, 2003).
Of course, with great success and popularity, brings greater privileges, which ultimately leads to a greater responsibility. Many people feel that athletes can literally get away with murder simply because of their stature. There is an ugly stigma that says athletes are judged differently. This has been witnessed in the media for decades.
With this being said, African-American athletes are still judged differently than their Caucasian counterparts. This inequality comes from an ugly stereotype that suggests the only thing that African-American athletes can do is play sports, and that they are nothing but criminals outside the arena of play. Lapchick (2003), a write for Sport in Society, writes that people quickly remove African-American athletes from their pedestal when they read stories about athletes who get into trouble with the law. He also questions the fact that basketball and football players are constantly in the news, whereas hockey and baseball players have the same if not more athletes getting arrested, but face far less scrutiny from the media.
We should not forget that the African-American athlete who was described as the first to transcend the issue of race is now viewed with scorn derision by the same generation, which may have had his poster on their wall when they were growing up (Lapchick, 2003).
A prime example would be NBA superstar Kobe Bryant. Since Kobe Bryant’s introduction into the NBA, he was considered a “good guy” that could do no wrong. Kobe Bryant and Los Angeles Lakers, one three consecutive NBA championships.
He was on top on the court in endorsements. That all changed after a sexual encounter with a woman in Eagle Mountain, Co. Kobe Bryant quickly fell from grace as the media got word of the ordeal. Bryant lost millions of dollars in endorsement from McDonald’s and SPRITE. His jersey, which previously held the number spot in retail stores, fell to number 46.
The Term Paper on African American 4
On October 23rd, 2006, a then 24 year old Dorothy Webb stood outside her Mississippi home. Fearing eviction from her home for non-payment of rent, Dorothy decided to do something drastic to save the only home she had grown to love. She walked to ‘the bottom’ which was almost 9 miles away, in an attempt to make a deal with a local drug dealer to sell crack cocaine and earn a profit. “ I was truly ...
Kobe Bryant was even shunned by some of his fellow NBA counterparts. This is just one of the many examples of how quickly an African-American Athlete can fall from grace. Kobe Bryant was not the first and more than likely he won’t be the last. African-Americans have seen their fair share of inequality and many still feel the affects of the same inequality today. However, times are changing and the world is new place with every sunrise. African-Americans are stepping up their game not only on the playing field but in business as well.
The leading example is Robert Johnson, the former owner BET and the present owner of the NBA’s Charlotte Bobcats franchise. He has become the first majority owner of a professional franchise. In February of 2005 the NFL accepted its first owner in Arizona businessman Reggie Fowler for reported 600 million dollars. The new owner in Minnesota is welcome sight since the NFL has long been criticized for its unfair hiring practices. Presently, of the 32 teams in the NFL only 5 are African-American. The NCAA an even lower amount with even more teams to choose from.
Out of the more than 100 plus NCAA institutions with a football program, only Four of these institutions have an African-American head coach. Football has historically had unique problems with black head coaches. While there is certainly a substantial percentage of the student-athletes who are African-American, in both basketball and football, head coaching opportunities for African-Americans are simply not the same. In Division I basketball last year, nearly 22% of the head coaching jobs were held by African-American coaches. Thus stories are written about coaches being hired in these positions in basketball, but without the need to reference the fact that the person signing the contract may happen to be African-American (Lapchick 2002).
Yet year-after-year in football, summary stories are written about no or few African-American head coaches being hired.
Recently the stories focused on the declining numbers. Not only were African-Americans not getting the jobs, but they weren’t even being interviewed. Going back ten years only 11 schools hired an African-American coach. Going back 50 years, there has been average of approximately 15 head coaching jobs turnover each year. That means among the top 100 schools that play football, there were an estimated 750 openings. In the history of college football, there have been less than 20 Division IA African-American head coaches..
The Essay on Native American Europeans Americans Africans
The New cHaOtiC World Three completely different cultures clashed together and triggered the confusions all three worlds had against each other. All their misunderstandings then turned into a whole New World that still remains. Today, this New World is one of the main confinements for crimes. Religiously, the complexity of the unfamiliar Gods they believe existed had caused the big misconception. ...
