African Americans and Wmen in the Develpment f Prgramming Languages Past and Present Scheme started as an experiment in prgramming language design by challenging sme fundamental design assumptins. It emerged frm MIT in the mid-1970’s. It is a dialect f the Lisp Prgramming Language invented by Guy Lewis Steele Jr. and Gerald Jay Sussman. The language was designed t have very few, regular cnstructs which cmpse well t supprt a variety f prgramming styles including functinal, bject-riented, and imperative. Scheme has lexical scping, unifrm evaluatin rules, and unifrm treatment f data types. Scheme des nt have the cncept f a pinter, uninitialized variables, specialized lping cnstructs, r explicit strage management.
In Scheme, all data types are equal. Its supprt f a variety f styles (including bject-riented) allws users t better match their slutin style t the style f the prblems t be slved. Scheme is currently gaining favr as a first prgramming language in universities and is used in industry by such cmpanies as DEC, TI, Tektrnix, HP, and Sun (Springer and Friedman).
APL (A Prgramming Language) is a general-purpse, third-generatin (3GL) prgramming language that allws certain data manipulatins t be expressed with a special nn-ASCII set f symbls, resulting in prgrams that are shrter than wuld be pssible using mst ther languages. The language was develped in the 1960’s by Ken Iversn and his clleagues at IBM. APL’s ntatin allws matrix manipulatin as well as recursin functins t be built int simple expressins rather than requiring multiple language statements. APL is mre frequently thught f as a language fr scientific cmputatin, but it can be used fr ther purpses as well. Prgrams can be develped interactively and are usually interpreted rather than cmpiled. The special symbls require keybard supprt and specific editrs s that the symbls can be displayed and printed.
The Term Paper on How Is Language Encouraged In Montessori Prepared Environment?
Language is the ability to understand speech and a desire to convey one’s feelings and thoughts. The learning of language is truly the child’s most remarkable intellectual achievement and is amazingly accomplished rapidly in a very short time span. “By mere living and without any conscious effort the individual absorbs from the environment even a complex culture like language” E. Hainstock, The ...
(Rse and Schick) SQL (Structured Query Language) is a 4GL (4th Generatin Language) develped in the 1970s by the IBM prgrammers. The language is mstly used fr data access t relatinal databases in mst envirnments frm mainframe t desktp cmputer. SQL is a standard language but many vendrs have added prprietary features. Cnsists f three parts: DDL (Data Definitin Language, used t create tables), DCL (Data Cntrl Language, prviding security functins), and DML (Data Manipulatin Language, used t stre, mdify and retrieve data).
SQL2, als called SQL-92, is used with relatinal databases and was standardized in 1992. SQL3 is the bject-relatinal standard (Frta).
The Pascal is prgramming language was riginally develped by Niklaus Wirth in rder t prvide features that were lacking in ther languages f the time. The riginal published definitin fr the Pascal language appeared in 1971 with latter revisins published in 1973. The principle bjectives fr Pascal were fr it t be efficient t implement and run, allw fr the develpment f well structured and well rganized prgrams, and t serve as a vehicle fr the teaching f the imprtant cncepts f cmputer prgramming. Pascal, which was named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, is a direct descendent frm ALGL 60, which Wirth helped develp (Welsh).
C++ is an bject-riented prgramming (P) language that is viewed by many as the best language fr creating large-scale applicatins. C++ is a superset f the C language. It was develped by Bjarne Strustrup in the early 1980s at Bell Labratries.
C++ prvides a number f features that “spruce up” the C language, but mre imprtantly, it prvides capabilities fr bject-riented prgramming. The language is mainly used fr sftware engineering and graphical slutins (Sebesta).
Java is an bject-riented prgramming language develped as a subset f the C language by Sun Micrsystems in 1996, and has quickly becme the industry’s primary crss platfrm develpment language. Java is used extensively fr Web, applet, and thin client applicatin develpment. Java’s strength is its ability t run n any cmputer, prvided the cmputer has a JVM (Java Virtual Machine) available. Its greatest weakness is that it is an interpreted language, meaning the JVM must translate the universal Java cde t the native cmputer’s perating cde as the applicatin executes. This leads t slw perfrmance.
The Term Paper on Programming Language Languages Java Machine
IT RELATED TERMS UNIX A high-level programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the mid 1970 s. Although originally designed as a systems programming language, C has proved to be a powerful and flexible language that can be used for a variety of applications, from business programs to engineering. C is a particularly popular language for personal computer programmers because it ...
This weakness has been mitigated by Java cmpilers, which generate machine specific cde allwing quick perfrmance, albeit at the cst f the universal crss platfrm nature f Java byte cde. Mre simply, Java is a prgramming language primarily designed fr use in Internet Web applicatins that includes the use f small applet prgrams r larger applicatins prgrams (Chang and Lee).
JavaScript is a scripting language used t create dynamic Websites. It’s based n HTML, and can create either client-side r server-side applicatins. JavaScript statements can be embedded int an HTML page, and then interpreted within the brwser t execute n the client. JavaScript statements which access databases fr dynamic cntent are executed by the Web Server fr server-side prcessing. Released in 1995.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is a develpment language used t cnnect multimedia cntent (i.e., graphics, text, images), created in 1990. The cding that allws files t appear as frmatted pages n the Wrld Wide Web. Sme wrd prcessrs ffer the ptin f creating HTML dcuments which culd then be accessed thrugh the Internet. HTML is based n SGML. Dynamic HTML lets users create simple animatin withut extensive prgramming and enables develpers t build interactive Web pages (Sebesta).
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is an extensin t HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that gives mre cntrl f cntent. XML is nt limited t pre-defined tags as HTML is, but allws the users t define as many tags as they wish.
XML is used t define the cntent f a dcument r Web page rather than the presentatin f it (see XSL fr presentatin).
It is als used t exchange infrmatin and dcuments between diverse systems. XML is text-based and can be used n any platfrm. It frmats data by using dcument tags t catalg infrmatin. Key elements in a dcument can be categrized accrding t meaning. Instead f a search engine selecting a dcument by the metatags listed in its header, a search engine can scan thrugh the entire dcument fr the XML tags that identify individual pieces f text and images.
The Essay on Foreign Language Instruction Should Begin In Kindergarten
For years it was thought that learning foreign language is getting more and more important because of the globalization. In order to acquire a new language as soon as possible, amounts of parents would like to let their children begin to learn new languages in kindergarten. There are many positive effects if people learn foreign language when they are young children. Even though adults have ...
The language is accepted as a standard by W3C. It is used in e-cmmerce t enable business partners t standardize specific XML syntax t describe i.e., purchase rders. Als used in EDI (Electrnic Data Interchange) systems, used t define metadata, and in WBEM (Web-Based Enterprise Management) (Gldfarb).
Pythn is a very new language, it was develped by Guid Van Rssum, in 1991. Many f Pythn’s features riginated frm an interpreted language called ABC. Rssum wanted t crrect sme f ABC’s prblems and keep sme f its features.
Pythn cmbines remarkable pwer with very clear syntax. It has interfaces t many system calls and libraries, as well as t varius windw systems, and is extensible in C r C++. It is als usable as en extensin language fr applicatins that need prgramming interfaces. Finally, Pythn is prtable acrss all majr hardware and sftware platfrms. Pythn is ideally suited fr rapid prttyping f cmplex applicatins. It is als used as a “glue language” fr cnnecting up the bvius pieces f a cmplex slutin, such as Web pages, databases, and Internet sckets (Lutz).
Bibligraphy: Chan, Patrick and Lee, Rsanna (1996).
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Addisn-Wesley Publishing C. Gldfarb, Charles F .; Prescd, Paul; (1998).
The XML Handbk. Prentice Hall.Lutz, Mark (1996).
Prgramming Pythn.
‘Reilly & Assciates. Frta, Ben (September 1999).
SAMS SQL. Sams Publishing, NY. Lutz, Mark (1996).
Prgramming Pythn. ‘Reilly & Assciates.
Rse, Allen J., Schick, Barbara A., APL in Practice , Jhn Wiley & Sns ,New Yrk ,1980 Sebesta, Rbert W. Third editin, (1996).
Cncepts f Prgramming Languages. Addisn-Wesley Publishing, CA. Springer, G. and Friedman, D.P. (1989).
Scheme and the Art f Prgramming.
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