After the Renaissance has changed the social rules and perceptions of medieval ages the European culture appeared in the stage when another cultural breakthrough became to be absolutely necessary. At this time the birth to new streams of cultural development was given by the eighteenth century. Briefly this period can be classified as educational era. The neoclassic stream in the literature was concerned with making the reader reason and judge critically. During this time, Newton and other famous intellects were springing fourth new ideas. An Enlightenment epoch provided for a radical change in the way of thinking about religion, economics, political philosophy, and education.
The Enlightenment invested man with inalienable rights. Strongly influenced by the rise of modern science and by the aftermath of the long religious conflict that followed the Reformation, the thinkers of the Enlightenment were cmmitted t secular views based n reasn r human understanding nly, which they hped wuld prvide a basis fr beneficial changes affecting every area f life and thught. Denis Didert, Claude Adrien Helvetius, Barn dHlbach, the Marquis de Cndrcet, and Julien ffry de La Mettrie (1709-51) – advcated a philsphical ratinalism deriving its methds frm science and natural philsphy that wuld replace religin as the means f knwing nature and destiny f humanity; these men were materialists, pantheists, r atheists. ther enlightened thinkers, such as Pierre Bayle, Vltaire, David Hume, Jean Le Rnd Dalembert, and Immanuel Kant, ppsed fanaticism, but were either agnstic r left rm fr sme kind f religius faith. All f the philsphes saw themselves as cntinuing the wrk f the great 17th century pineers – Francis Bacn, Galile, Descartes, Leibnitz, Isaac Newtn, and Jhn Lcke – wh had develped fruitful methds f ratinal and empirical inquiry and had demnstrated the pssibility f a wrld remade by the applicatin f knwledge fr human benefit. The philsphes believed that science culd reveal nature as it truly is and shw hw it culd be cntrlled and manipulated. This belief prvided an incentive t extend scientific methds int every field f inquiry, thus laying the grundwrk fr the develpment f the mdern scial sciences.
The Term Paper on How Will Science and Technology Change Our Lives in the Future and What Should India Do to Stay Ahead in the Game
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The enlightened understanding f human nature was ne that emphasized the right t self-expressin and human fulfilment, the right t think freely and express nes views publicly withut censrship r fear f repressin. The plitical writers f the Enlightenment built n and extended the ratinalistic, republican, and natural-law theries that had been evlved in the previus century as the bases f law, scial peace, and just rder. Their wrk shwed that althugh all peples shared a cmmn human nature, each natin and every age als had distinctive characteristics that made it unique. Everywhere the Enlightenment prduced restless men impatient fr change but frustrated by ppular ignrance and fficial repressin. This gave the enlightened literati an interest in ppular educatin. They prmted educatinal ventures and sught in witty, amusing, and even titillating ways t educate and awaken their cntempraries. The scepticism f the philsphes was swept away in the religius revival f the 1790s and early 1800s, and the cultural leadership f the landed aristcracy and prfessinal men wh had supprted the Enlightenment was erded by the grwth f a new wealthy educated class f businessmen, prducts f the industrial revlutin.
nly in Nrth and Suth America, where industry came later and revlutin had nt led t reactin, did the Enlightenment linger int the 19th century. Its lasting heritage has been its cntributin t the literature f human freedm and sme institutins in which its values have been embdied. Included in the latter are many facets f mdern gvernment, educatin, and philanthrpy French Revlutin and Naplen Eurpe has been the fcal pint in histry fr hundreds f years. It has been the stating and ending place f many empires. Eurpe in the Nineteenth Century was a very critical pint in histry. Wars were being fught, bundaries f cuntries changed, cuntries were becming unified, revlutins destryed cuntries, but the mst critical happening that did mre t shape Eurpes character and structure in the Nineteenth Century, than any ther event was the era f the French Revlutin and Naplen. The era f the French Revlutin and Naplen tk place between the years f 1789 and 1850 and has impacted Eurpe the mst in the Nineteenth Century.
The Essay on Romanticism Life Enlightenment Human
Romanticism It was a reaction against the Enlightenment and yet akin in that they both assumed life was designed for human happiness. However the Enlightenment placed reason at the center of human. Romanticism distrusted the human intellect and placed its value on the emotions and intuitive qualities. The natural and spontaneous was deemed good. The highest truths would be derived from the ...
Not only the eighteenth century provided for the next episode of the world art development but also for the new way of thinking, which has shaped the world for the several upcoming epochs. It is in those times when the first great intellectual and technological breakthroughs have been made. Most of the todays success is due to the Enlightenment era of 18th century.
Bibliography:
Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition. New York: McGraw-Hill,2002..