Anatomy – the study of the form or structure and arrangement of body parts and their relationships
Physiology – the study of the functions of the body parts or structures and their relationships in maintaining
life processes.
Levels of Structural Organization
The human body consists of levels of structural organization that are associated with one another.
There are six levels of structural organization:
I. chemical level – It is the simplest level and it includes all of the chemical substances essential for maintaining life. These substances are made up of atoms.
An atom is the
smallest unit of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Atoms combine to form molecules, which may be simple or complex. Different types of molecules combine to form or~anelles (“little organs”).
Organelles are specific structures that carry out specific functions.
2. cellular level – The cell is the basic unit of structure and function and of life. Cells vary in size, shape, and function and may contain many types of organelles.
3. tissue level – Tissues are groups of similar cells that
perform a specific function.
There are four major types of tissues in the human body:
a.
epithelial tissue – It is found lining body
The Essay on Vanadium in foods and human body fluids and tissues. Science of the Total Environment
The human body is made up of limitless cells as essential components of various tissues. The entire lot of these cells traces their origin from the ovum, typical cell and the egg cell. The egg cell or ovum is made up of protoplasm and contains nucleus. Immediately after the fertilization, the cell multiplies to form an embryo that differentiates to form the body tissues required to form body parts ...
cavities and covers the surface of the body.
It functions in protection, secretion, and excretion.
b. connective tissue – It is found on the surfaces of and in organs and tissues and functions in protection, support, and attaching organs and tissues to each other and to the walls of body cavities.
c. muscle tissue – It functions in the movement of
body parts and organs, and in the movement of substances
throughout the body.
There are three major types of muscle tissue:
(1)
skeletal muscle – It is found attached to and
covering bones and it functions in body
movement.
(2)
cardiac muscle – It is located in the heart
wall and functions in the contraction and
relaxation of the heart as it beats.
(3)
smooth muscle – It is located in the walls of
internal or visceral organs and it functions
in moving substances throughout the body.
d.
nervous tissue It is located in the brain and spinal cord, and extends to various tissues and organs. It functions in transmitting electrical or nerve impulses from the external and internal environments to the brain and spinal cord where it is interpreted and a response occurs.
4. organ level – Organs are groups of two or more types of tissue working together to perform a specific function.
5. organ system level – ~ sTstems are groups of organs
that work closely together to perform a common function.
There are eleven organ systems in the human body:
ao
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
integumentary system
muscular system
skeletal system
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
respiratory system
The Term Paper on Various Systems of Body Its Mechanism
... all other various tissue ... the other systems of the body. The functions of the skeletal system are complex and varied. Besides providing a structural frame that muscles, nerves, organs and ...
digestive system
urinary system
reproductive system
6. organismal level – It is the highest level of structural
organization and it consists of groups of organ systems working together to maintain body structure and function. Organ systems work together to maintain an internal environment that is fairly constant, stable, or balanced. This is referred to as homeostasis (“to stay the same”).
Changes do occur, but within very narrow ranges or limits.
Homeostasis
Body parts or structures function efficiently in maintaining metabolic processes and when the survival needs are within certain limits or optimum levels.
The survival needs include:
water, oxyqen, nutrients, an appropriate bod~ temperature, and atmospheric pressure. Water is necessary for chemical reactions, excretion, and secretion. Oxyqen is required for many of the metabolic reactions that break down nutrients and provide energy. Nutrients provide energy for cells and cell processes. Bod~ temperature must be maintained within a certain range for chemical reactions and cell processes to perform efficiently.
If the body temperature falls too low or increases too high, chemical reactions will slow down or may stop. Atmospheric pressure is the force of air on the body surface by the weight of air. It is important in breathing and in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. To maintain homeostasis there are control mechanisms. Control mechanisms consist of three parts:
i. receptor – It responds to sensory stimuli
from the
internal and external environments. The information is sent along afferent pathways to the control center.
2. control center – It consists of the brain and spinal cord which interpret and analyze the information and determine an appropriate response. Information is then sent along efferent
pathways to the effector.
3. effector – It consists of tissues, organs, or glands that perform a motor response to the original stimulus that was received by the receptor. The response involves a feedback mechanism. If the response slows down or inhibit~ the stimulus it is a neqative feedback mechanism. If the response speeds up or enhances the stimulus, it is a positive feedback mechanism.
The Dissertation on Body Systems
The circulatory system is the body's transport system. It is made up of a group of organs that transport blood throughout the body. The heart pumps the blood and the arteries and veins transport it. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left side of the heart and enters the biggest artery, called the aorta. The aorta branches into smaller arteries, which then branch into even smaller vessels that travel ...
Most control
mechanisms for homeostasis in the human body are negative feedback mechanisms.
