o Petrie, Trent A. and Rogers, Rebecca L. Psychological correlates of anorexia and bulimic symptomatology. Journal of Counseling and Development. Volume 79.
Spring. 01 pigs. 178-185. Purpose: This study investigated the connection between eating disorder symptomatology and several psychological correlates-obsessiveness, dependency, over controlled hostility, assertiveness, locus of control, and self-esteem. Regression analyses indicated that obsessiveness and 2 factors of dependency accounted for 21% of the variance in a measure of anorexia attitudes and behaviors. One factor of dependency and obsessiveness accounted for 20% of the variance in a measure of bulimic symptomatology.
Subjects: Participants were 97 female undergraduates solicited from a large, southwestern university. The mean age of participants was 22. 17 years (SD = 5. 61).
For race / ethnicity , 72% identified themselves as Caucasian or non-Hispanic, 10% Asian American, 7% African American, 7% Hispanic, 2% Native American, and 1% as “Other.” Thirty-three percent of participants classified themselves as freshmen, 13% as sophomores, 25% as juniors, and 27% as seniors. The majority stated they were single, never married (72%).
Mean body mass index (BMI; kg / m 2) of participants was 22. 23 (SD = 3. 83).
Instruments: Anorexic symptomatology, The 40-item EAT (Garner and Garfinkel, 1979) assesses psychological and behavioral symptoms associated with anorexia.
For each item, individuals indicated the degree to which it applies to them on a 6-point scale ranging from always to never. Although there are 6 responses options, items are scored as follows: 3 points for the most extreme anorexic response, 2 points for the next most extreme response, and 1 point for the next, the remaining responses are scored as 0. A total score is obtained by summing points and may range from 0, no anorexic symptomatology, to 120, high degree of anorexic symptomatology. Bulimic Symptomatology. The 36-item Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R; Thelen, Farmer, Wunderlich, and Smith, 1991; Thelen, Mintz, and Vander Wal, 1996) measures symptoms of bulimia, based on criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994).
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How has Rock and Roll Effected the American Economy? Consider, if you will, the life of a teenager living in the 1940's. The Great Depression was finally coming to an end, but the memories of the rough times would scar its sufferers for a lifetime. Caused by a number of serious weaknesses in the economy, the depression saw a rapid decline in the production and sale of goods, as well as a sudden, ...
Obsessiveness.
The 70-item Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Questionnaire (LOI-Q; Snowdon, 1980) is a self-report inventory that was based on the individually administered Leyton Obsessional Inventory (Cooper, 1970).
The LOI-Q consists of four sub scales: Obsessional Symptom, Obsessional Trait, Resistance, and Interference, The Resistance and Interference, and Interference. The Resistance and Interference Sub scales seem to measure a general level Interference sub scales seem to measure a general level of psychological distress and were not used in the present investigation. The Obsessional Symptom sub scale measures chronic thoughts and feeling that are ego-systolic and often result in compulsive behaviors used to decrease anxiety associated with resisting these thoughts and feelings. Dependency: The 48-item Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI; Hirschfeld et al.
, 1997) measures thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and behaviors relating to one’s needs to associate with valued others. Factor analysis revealed the presence of three factors. Emotional reliance on Another Person (concerning emotional attachment, needs for affection, and doubts of independence), Lack of Social Self-Confidence (reflecting a more generalized wish for attention and approval), and Assertion of Autonomy (involving the denial of attachment or dependency needs).
For each item, individual indicate the degree to which it applies to them on a 4-point scale, ranging from 4, very characteristic of me to 1, not characteristic of me. Hostility: The 51- item Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDH Q; Caine, Folds, and Hope, 1967) measures the degree and the direction of overall hostility. The questionnaire is based on five sub scales: (a) Urge to Act Out Hostility, (b) Criticism of Others, (c) Projected Delusional (i.
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e. , Paranoid) Hostility, (d) Self-Criticism, and (e) Guilt. The first three sub scales are used to measure extra punitiveness, while the Self-Criticism and Guilt sub scales constitute the measure of intro punitiveness, or self-directed hostility, Scoring includes summing items across the respective sub scale. For each item, individuals answer true or false. Items reflection hostile responses are scored 1; those reflecting non-hostile responses are 0. Self-Esteem: The 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) measures a self-acceptance dimension of self-esteem.
Participants respond to items on a 4-point scale, ranging from 1, strongly agree, to 4, strongly disagree. Total scores are obtained using Guttman scoring: two or three responses indicating high self-esteem on the first three item are scored as one item, two responses indication high self-esteem on Items 4 and 5 are scored as one item, and two responses indicating high self-esteem on Items 9 and 10 scored as one item. The remaining items (6, 7, and 8) are score individually. Items that do not reflect high self-esteem are assigned a value of 0; low self-esteem to 6, high self-esteem. Social Desirability: The 10-item Marlowe Crowe Social Desirability Scale, Short Form (M-C SDS-SF; Strahan and Ger basi, 1972) was developed through principal components analysis of the original questionnaire and measures the degree to which people endorse socially desirable traits. Participants respond true or false to each item.
Items 1-5 are scored positively for true responses; Items 6-10 are scored positively for false responses. A total score is obtained by summing all items and can range from 0, low social desirability, to 10, high social desirability. Demographic and Weight Information: A demographic and weight questionnaire was developed to obtain information regarding age, racial / ethnic group, year in school, marital status, weight, and height. Present height and weight were used to determine body mass, a standard measure of physical size and leanness (Keys, Fi danza, Karvonen, Kimura, & Taylor, 1972).
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Procedure: Instruments were selected based on construct definition, psychometric properties, and use in previous eating disorder research. Participant were solicited from undergraduate classes to participate in a study on personality and eating.
Students were informed that they would receive class credit for their participants completed consent forms and the questionnaire packet. Instruments measuring psychological correlates were counter balanced to control for ordering effects; however, the questionnaires measuring eating disordered symptomatology, the EAT and BULIT-R, were always administered after these psychological inventories and the demographic questionnaire was always administrated last. Results: The result of this study suggest that different factors of dependency may be at work; therefore, it will be important for counselors to determine what factor (s) is most significant for their clients. Challenging issues of dependency should be executed with caution and done in the content of a supportive and trusting therapeutic environment.
Your Personal Reaction: I think future research should continue examining multiple personality and psychological characteristics to determine what is most important in women with eating disorder symptoms. It will be useful to consider the degree of symptomatology when assessing personality, because it is clear that maladaptive personality features are not exclusive to clinical population. But to determine if these characteristics relate to the development of anorexia or bulimia, longitudinal research is needed.
