Emily Porterfield English 112 Erin Sloan 1-30-99 Anthopleura elegantissima The sea anemones that were collected for the Clone Specific Segregation in the Sea Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima experiment were collected by Lisbeth Francis in Pacific Grove, California (Biological Bulletin 1973, 144; 64-72).
The topic of Franciss report is the particularity of the constant anemone-free areas dividing contiguous accumulations of these anemones and the connection of these areas to the dispersion and manner of these anemones. In her report Francis describes how she did her experiment and the result of each step. Francis also includes a discussion section where she discusses advantages versus disadvantages of segregated aggregations and organisms that are similar to these sea anemones.
Francis first explains the materials and methods. One of the first steps in this section is collecting the anemones. Slowly sliding a spatula under the sea anemones, Francis dislodged them from the immense rocks to which they were attached. At the laboratory they were kept in glass bowls containing water from the sea and were fed periodically, exclusive of experimentation time. In case of any impairments from the collection process, the anemones were kept in these bowls for a few weeks before any of the experiments started. Only the most healthy anemones were used in the experiment.
To free the anemones, Francis hit the bowl against a solid surface. To determine the sex of the anemones, they were severed and inspected for sex organs. When their sex organs are fully grown the females are brownish-pink and they males are yellowish-white. The anemones that contain one or more sex organs including oocytes or spermatocytes were recorded as having developed sex organs. Th anemones were then placed in a drying oven for approximately 18 to 24 hours, so they could be dried to a constant weight. The anemones living in clusters isolated from other clusters were inspected to ascertain whether or not the anemones from each cluster were different.
The Review on The Popcorn Experiment
In this project I will be testing whether or not popcorn yields a higher percentage of popped kernels when frozen. This is relevant because most people would like to get the best value out of items they purchased and this may demonstrate one way to do that. I will be freezing multiple bags of popcorn and then popping both frozen and unfrozen bags in the microwave. Finally I will count the popped ...
The anemones living in the same cluster, Francis noticed, had identical color patterns. There were other color patterns observed, but they always occurred when the cluster was separated by an anemone-free area. In each of the aggregations observed, Francis noticed that the sex of the anemones was the same. There were either all males living together or all females. None of the aggregations were integrated. Franciss conclusion from this is that since they reproduce asexually by longitudinal fission (403), each cluster is a clone and the anemone-free areas divide contiguous clones.
From studying how size is related to sexual maturity in sea anemones, Francis drew another conclusion. She states that the more the anemones weigh, the more likely they are to be sexually developed. Franciss next experiment was to try to figure out if the anemones could place themselves into segregated groups. She collected anemones from two clones living beside each other and attached them to a plastic ball with a lead weight inside an aquarium. They were crammed together in five horizontal lines with four animals in each line. The anemones were arranged so that they were all mixed together heterogeneously instead of separated into their two separate groups.
Three days later the anemones looked as if they were fairly attached to the ball so Francis removed the pins to let them move around so she could observe what kind of groups they formed. Thirteen days later, four of them had fallen off the ball and the other sixteen had organized themselves back into their segregated groups. They moved around some more after thirteen days, but there was not any connection between the two groups. Francis concluded from this experiment that segregation between clones can be established by the anemones themselves. The next experiment Francis conducted was to discover if the anemones would create anemone-free zones in-between clonal groups if there are no other species of animals and no waves. In this experiment the anemones were collected from two different clones but they were not side-by-side.
The Term Paper on Group Response Techniques
Active student responding is a critical component of effective instruction in class room . One low tech strategy developed to facilitate active student responding during group instruction involves the use of response cards . Typically this approach involves the teacher asking questions during instruction and having each student write down his / her answers on the response cards and then display ...
Francis also kept them in the laboratory for an extended period of time (up to a year).
A baking dish was lined with foam plastic and on one side, one clone of anemones was attached with insect pins and the other clone was attached to the other side. Microscope slides were lined up and taped together to prevent any contact between the two clones. Sea water was running into one side of the dish. The flow of the water was changed periodically because the anemones are inclined to move upstream and Francis didnt want the flow of the water to affect her experiment. The insect pins and the microscope slides were removed.
Pictures were taken once a day to determine how much the anemones were moving each day. Within three weeks an anemone-free zone was formed between the two clonal groups. During this time Francis also observes some aggressive behavior. After this experiment, Francis concluded that anemone-free zones can be formed by the anemones without the presence of other organisms. When contemplating why anemones might live in clusters instead of individually Francis had three main points. Living in clusters: lessens water loss and damage from the waves, makes it harder for other ocean life to settle and compete, and it is easier to procure and hold large animals.
Also, the patterns that Francis observed in these anemones are not unique to this species. Some of these same patterns occur in other species of organisms. Other scientists have observed other organisms living very close together with no tissue fusion. Others have also observed complete fusion at the interface between separate growing edges of the same colony both in the encrusting ascidian Botrylus and in a variety of bryozoan (407).
These phenomena are corresponding because of the contrast between the intimacy of association among genetically identical individuals in colonies or clonal groups, and the relative isolation between genetically different individuals of the same species (407).
Marine Biology is the study of the origin, history, characteristics, and habits of plants and animals. Marine Biologists usually specialize in one taxon and study one specific organism. Franciss article relates to the discipline of Marine Biology because her article focuses on the specific sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima.
The Essay on The Clean Water Act Of 1977
As swans drift with the current on a secluded lake in upper Canada they think not of the water they are in but of dreams of the past and wants for the future. On the other hand, seals off the coast of Northern California fear for their lives every day of humans exploiting their natural habitat. Many things can endanger water born animals, and most all of these come directly from humans. The ...
In her article, Francis commences with details in her materials and methods section. This implies that this is a very significant section. She also incorporates charts into her procedures and results section, which helps to prove that her research is legitimate and helps us to understand the experiment more thoroughly. Francis incorporates the procedures section in with the results section which is not done frequently in a biological report. In the last section of the first part of Franciss procedures and results section she includes some interpretation, which seems to indicate some difficulty with organization.
She states that No other hypothesis can simply explain… (403).
Francis didnt include these interpretations in all of her sections, only in this one and in her discussion section, where it really belongs. Also, in her fourth section she includes extra, unnecessary material. She states, During this time numerous aggressive episodes were observed at the border between the two groups (406).
She goes on to say that she did not notice this in the preceding experiment, which was done before this one.
Her inclusion of similar phenomena (407) indicates that it is important to relate other organisms to the ones being observed. Franciss article was very comprehensive although she seems to have difficulty staying focused and organized.
