The Peaceful Warriors, Heider described the characteristics and features of the religious beliefs as well as the rituals practiced by the Dani of Papua New guinea. Through his observations, it was made apparent that religion was not the significant feature that represents the Dani and its culture. Although it exists, the rituals were the main factors that build the cultural aspects of these people. Religion in the Dani culture revolves around the belief of Animism and animatism. Dani rituals on the other hand, mainly incorporate with the ghost of their recent dead.
The Dani people take importance in placating the restless souls of their former members, thus many of their rituals and practices are done for the sake of calming these spirits. However, beyond the appeasement of the ghosts, there are also other rituals that are done for the purpose of developing and regulating the social and economic life of the Dani. Weddings, political election and initiations are the on-going rituals that the Dani practices during the Great pig feast. This paper will explain and describe the characteristics of the beliefs and rituals that are celebrated and practiced by Grand Valley Dani.
In terms of religion, the Dani people did not have a certain deity that they are committed to in worship. However, the Dani greatly believes that there is a kind of spiritual power that manifest through many natural objects that can either be advancement or a threat to their community if not handled properly. This spiritual phenomenon is called Wusa; it describes the religious form of animatism. (Heider, 1996, p. 124) Correspondingly, the Dani community also believed that they are representations of animals; more specifically, birds. There is a myth in the Dani culture that foretells the story of the snake and the birds.
The Research paper on The Practices In Managing Cultures
In this essay about managing culture in the post-bureaucratic era, I am going to argue how the practices of managing culture have changed in this era and how they differentiate oneself from the bureaucratic era. Furthermore I describe the cultural influences especially in organizations and how the importance of those influences changed over the time. In the first section I am going to explain the ...
The birds are associated with man because they both mourn for the dead. (Heider, 1996, pp. 125-126) In the story, there was an argument about death between the snake and the bird. The snake argued that men are cremated and then they returned back to life. On the other hand, the bird claimed that the people stay dead thus they mourn. Now the theme of man and birds are used in ceremonies such as edai and funerals where we can see individuals, decorated in feathers, paints and also act in such a way that represents the movement of a bird.
The birds are also used as totems by the people in order to distinguish the different sibs. Just like other religions that uses totenism, the Dani were also forbidden to consume the certain birds they represent. (Heider, 1996, p. 127) Ceremonies in the Dani community are done very frequently. Since the Dani people go through constant war and many people lose their lives, the Dani had to arrange funerals and ceremonies to placate the ghost of their recent dead.
However, beyond the casual ceremonies, there is a big ceremony that is celebrated by the Dani which involves all of their rituals and practices and this ceremony is called the great Pig Feast. (Heider, 1996, p. 138) In the Pig feast, weddings, initiations, political elections and further appeasement for the dead are done. This celebration was supposedly celebrated every six years, enough time for girls and boys to grow up and participate in weddings and initiations. After adolescence, Dani girls become eligible for marriage and are partnered with young bachelors from other moieties.
This is done to progress the social system of the alliance and to further populate the community. An initiation on the other hand, is a process of separating young boys to their proper moieties. However, the boys from the Waija moiety are the only ones who practice this ritual since everyone is born in the Waida moiety and those who are already a part of that group stays. Then soon as Waija boys experience mock battles, they are being isolated to a sacred place, then lastly they are thrown in a pit of fire. After the ritual, the boys can now join their fathers and become a member of the Waija moiety.
The Essay on Critical Analysis Of "Bird On The Wire" By Leonard Cohen
Leonard Cohen has had a long and illustrious career as a poet and a songwriter. The Canadian songwriter has written many popular songs, and we all have at least one of his tunes stored up in the recesses of our minds. However, there are a certain few of Cohen’s that stand above the rest. Songs that were hits, and songs that in fact helped shape the period of time they were created in. &# ...
Furthermore, the most important ritual that is done in the Pig feast is the mollification of the ghosts of the dead warriors. Even though funerals are held every so often, the main purpose of the pig feast is to further appease all of the ghosts of the dead from the entire alliance one last time. (Heider, 1996, pp. 129-131) Since the Pig feast is celebrated by the whole alliance, this practice is somewhat a system to enforce the social structure of the Dani culture. When the Indonesians came, some practices such as finger mutilation and violent acts in mock battles were halt.
This was not a big issue to the Dani community, the Pig feast still progressed without the presence of these rituals. From this, it was made obvious that the Dani people only use this celebration mainly for the purpose of strengthening the relationship between alliances by bringing everyone together to participate in the one celebration they are accustomed and grew up with. Also, Dani religion and rituals can also be perceived as an economic approach due to the relationship between the people and the natural environment.
As said above, the Dani believed in Wusa which is a powerful spiritual phenomenon that is connected with the natural environment. In order to live a life free from misfortunes and danger, there has to be a certain balance between the people and nature. The Dani people had to do certain practices such as purification and prohibitions to neutralize the dangers they impose. Overall, the Dani religion and beliefs is not something that is done for the benefit of a certain deity, it is done to further develop and tighten the relationship of the Dani culture.
