Apollo 4 Introduction This paper is going to compare the Apollo 1 and the Challenger disasters. Both space programs were unfortunate disasters, caused by a series of oversights and misjudgments. How did this lost of life occur in such a high tech environment? Apollo 4 On January 27, 1967, the three astronauts of the Apollo 4, were doing a test countdown on the launch pad. Gus Grissom was in charge. His crew were Edward H.
White, the first American to walk in space, and Roger B. Chaffee, a naval officer going up for the first time. 182 feet below, R. C.
A technician Gary Propst was seated in front of a bank of television monitors, listening to the crew radio channel and watching various televisions for important activity. Inside the Apollo 4 there was a metal door with a sharp edge. Each time the door was open and shut, it scraped against an environmental control unit wire. The repeated abrasion had exposed two tiny sections of wire. A spark alone would not cause a fire, but just below the cuts in the cable was a length of aluminum tubing, which took a ninety-degree turn. There were hundreds of these turns in the whole capsule.
The aluminum tubing carried a glycol cooling fluid, which is not flammable, but when exposed to air it turns to flammable fumes. The capsule was filled with pure oxygen in an effort to allow the astronauts to work more efficiently. It also turns normally not so flammable items to highly flammable items. Raschel netting that was highly flammable in the pure oxygen environment was near the exposed section of the wires.
The Essay on Ignition System and Spark Plug Wire
The two major tasks performed by an ignition system ate to ____ and to _____. A. ) Provide sufficient electrical voltage and to discharge a spark between electrodes of the spark plug. 2. ) If a four-cycle engine runs at 3600 rpm, and the number of sparks per minute required at the spark plug would be ______per minute. A. ) 1800 3. ) Name the six main electrode components that make up the magneto ...
At 6: 31: 04 p. m. the Raschel netting burst into an open flame. A second after the netting burst into flames, the first message came over the crew’s radio channel: ‘Fire,’ Grissom said. Two Seconds later, Chaffee said clearly,’ We ” ve got a fire in the cockpit.’ His tone was businesslike (Murray 191).
There was no camera in the cabin, but a remote control camera, if zoomed in on the porthole could provide a partial, shadowy view of the interior of the space craft. There was a lot of motion, Propst explained, as White seemed to fumble with something and then quickly pull his arms back, then reach out again. Another pair of arms came into view from the left, Grissom’s, as the flames spread from the far left-hand corner of the spacecraft toward the porthole (Murray 192).
The crew struggled for about 30 seconds after their suits failed, and then died of asphyxiation, not the heat.
To get out of the capsule astronauts had to remove three separate hatches, at least 90 seconds was required to open all three hatches. The IB Saturn rocket contained no fuel, so no chance of fire was really thought of, so there were no fire crews or doctors standing by. Many people were listening to the crew’s radio channel, and would have responded, but were caught off guard and the first mention of fire was not clearly heard by anyone. Challenger On January 28, 1986 the space shuttle Challenger was ready to launch. The lead up to the launch had not been without its share of problems. The talk of cold weather, icicles, and brittle and faulty o-rings were the main problems.
It was revealed that deep doubts of some engineers had not been passed on by their superiors to the shuttle director, Mr. Moore. Something was unusual about that morning in Florida: it was uncommonly cold. The night before, the temperature had dropped to twenty-two degrees fahrenheit. Icicles hung from the launch pad, it was said that the icicles could have broken off and damaged the space shuttle’s heat tiles.
The Term Paper on Space Shuttle Nasa Sources
People arguing over shuttle costs on the net are usually arguing from different assumptions and do not describe their assumptions clearly, making it impossible to reach agreement. To demonstrate the difficulty, here are a range of flight cost figures differing by a factor of 35 and some of the assumptions behind them (all use 1992 constant dollars). $45 million - marginal cost of adding or ...
It had been the coldest day on which a shuttle launch had ever been attempted. Cold weather had made the rubber O-ring seals so brittle that they no longer sealed the joint properly. People feared a reduction in the efficiency of the O-ring seals on the solid rocket boosters. Level 1 authorities at NASA had received enough information about faulty O-rings by August 1985 that they should have ordered discontinuation of flights. The shuttle rocketed away from the icicle laden launch pad, carrying a New Hampshire school teacher, NASA’s first citizen in space. It was the worst accident in the history of NASA in nearly 25 years.
11: 38 a. m. cape time, the main engine ignition followed by clouds of smoke and flame came from the solid fuel rocket boosters. Unknown to anyone in the cabin or on the ground, there was jet of flame around the giant orange fuel tank coming from the right-hand booster rocket. Seventy-three seconds after lift-off the Challenger suddenly disappeared amid a cataclysmic explosion which ripped the fuel tank from nose to tail (Timothy 441).
The explosion occurred as Challenger was 10.
35 miles high and 8. 05 miles downrange from the cape, speeding toward space at 1, 977 mph. Lost along with the $1. 2 billion spacecraft were a $100 million satellite that was to have an important part of NASA’s communications network (Associated Press 217).
Pictures taken revealed that even after the enormous explosion occurred the cockpit remained somewhat intact. Aerodynamic pressure exerted on the human passengers would have killed anyone who survived the explosion.
The remains of the shuttle were spread over miles of ocean. Over half were recovered. In comparison, both disasters were preventable. Both disasters had amain explosion or malfunction, but even if there were survivors they would have died because there was no escape.
The Challenger disaster was mainly a lot of people wanting to get better jobs and more money, or simply to get on the good side of someone. The Apollo 4 had many problems which should have been caught. Conclusion Apollo 4 had many deficiencies: loose, shoddy wiring, excessive use of combustible materials in spite of a 100 percent oxygen atmosphere, inadequate provisions for rescue, and a three layer, ninety plus second hatch. The Challenger had faulty O-rings, icicles, and bad management which threatened to bring the entire american astronaut program to an end. Over a billion dollars was lost all together.
The Term Paper on Success Breeds Confidence And Fantasy The Challenger Disaster
Could the challenger disaster have been avoided? I once heard a smart man say “Never get to confortable with what you are doing and if you get to confortable change your work”. The challenger disaster was the product of over confidentiality of the engineers working in the project. The problem that the challenger had been a failure of the O-rings in the engine, these O-rings failed to keep gases ...
Both disasters could have been prevented if the time, effort, and funding was spent. Many people involved in both disasters were either lazy or greedy. Works Cited Biel, Timothy L. The Challenger.
San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc. 1990. Murray, Charles A. Apollo, the Race to the Moon. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989.
Appel, Fred and Wolleck, James. The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of Discovery and Expedition. Vol. 16.
New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1990. Bond, Peter. Heroes in Space. New York: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1987. Associated Press. Moments in Space.
New York: Gallery Books, 1986. Encarta. Challenger Disaster. Encyclopedia Cd-rom.
Funk and Wag nell ” s Corporation, 1983. Burton, Jonathon ‘The Haunting Legacy of the Challenger.’ Scholastic Update. December 4, 1992: 10, 11.
