The Extermination Factory – Auschwitz The extermination plant with the most advanced design anywhere in the world consisted of two large crematoria/gas chambers and two smaller ones. Crematoria Four and Five were built on the surface of the ground. Crematoria Two and Three had subterranean gas chambers and reception areas. They were about 102 meters long by 51 meters across. The basement consisted of two main rooms – the undressing area, which also served as a mortuary, and a gas chamber. Victims climbed down the steps into the basement. Those who could not walk were pushed down a concrete slide. The gas chamber, about 225 square meters, looked like a large communal bathroom with shower heads: The Zyklon B gas crystals were inserted through openings into the hollow pillars made of sheet metal. They were perforated at regular intervals and inside them a spiral ran from top to bottom in order to ensure as even a distribution of the granular crystals as possible. Mounted on the ceiling was a large number of dummy showers made of metal. The largest room in the factory, the changing chambers, accommodated 1,000 people. Notices throughout the room contributed to a “cunning .
. . and clumsy deception” – telling victims they were in disinfection rooms, urging cleanliness, reminding them to remember their clothing hook number.[39] The extermination plant contained a hair-drying loft run by fifteen Orthodox Jews. Spread over the floor, noticed Muller from the extermination staff, was women’s hair of every color: Washing lines were strung across the room. Pegged on these lines like wet washing were further batches of hair which had first been washed in a solution of ammonium chloride. When the hair was nearly dry, it was spread on the warm floor to finish off. Finally it was combed out by prisoners and put into paper bags.[40] The SS set up a gold-melting room in the plant. There two dental technicians soaked the teeth for hours in acid to remove bone and flesh, and used a blowtorch to melt the gold into molds. They produced as much as 5 to 10 kilos a day. As in Treblinka, the stoking gangs sorted out the bodies into combustibility categories: strong men, women, children, and Musselmans. The SS staff had performed earlier experiments to find ways to economize on fuel – with the help of Topf and Sons, civilian experts: In the course of these experiments corpses were selected according to different criteria and the cremated.
The Essay on Representative Gases Properties Of Gases
1. State the five assumptions of the Kinetic-Molecular Theory of gases. a) Gases consist of large numbers of tiny particles. These particles, usually molecules or atoms, typically occupy a volume about 1000 times larger than occupied by the same number of particles in the liquid or solid state. Thus molecules of gases are much further apart than those of liquids or solids. Most of the volume ...
Thus the corpses of two Musselmans were cremated together with those of two children or the bodies of two well-nourished men together with that of an emaciated woman, each load consisting of three, or sometimes, four bodies. Members of these groups were especially interested in the amount of coke required to burn corpses of any particular category, and in the time it took to cremate them. During these macabre experiments different kinds of coke were used and the results carefully recorded. Afterwards, all corpses were divided into the above-mentioned categories, the criterion being the amount of coke required to reduce them to ashes. Thus it was decreed that the most economical and fuel-saving procedure would be to burn the bodies of a well-nourished man and an emaciated woman, or vice versa, together with that of a child, because, as the experiments had established, in this combination, once they had caught fire, the dead would continue to burn without any further coke being required.[41] As early as June 13, 1943, all was not well with the new installation. The Central SS Construction Management of Auschwitz sent a letter to a German equipment firm urging the completion of carpentry work in the new crematoria.
The Term Paper on Bhopal Gas Tragedy 3
Bhopal Gas Tragedy is known to be a cataclysmic in the industrial world, an incident occurring at the Union Carbide plant located in Bhopal, India (Bhargava 1). The complex reverberations of such a prevalent disaster continued to send quivers through a company, an industry, political and bureaucratic leadership of a nation, and the lawful and policy instruments by which two countries India and the ...
The chief requested the delivery without delay of the doors for the crematoria, “which [are] urgently needed for the execution of the special measures; otherwise, the progress of the construction will be jeopardized.” In addition, he demanded the completion of the windows for the reception building. If the carpentry work could not be done, building operations would have to be suspended for the winter. Eventually the ovens seemed to fall apart. Crematorium Four failed completely after a short time and Crematoria Five had to be shut down repeatedly.[42] The plans for the crematoria have been preserved by an architect who stole them from the Birkenau plant. The one-story buildings looked like large bakeries with steep roofs and dormer windows. The underground gas chambers rose 51 centimeters above the ground to form a grassy terrace. No one would know at first glance what they were. Crematoria Two and Three were close to the camp and visible. Pine trees and birches hid crematoria Four and Five. Around the crematoria lay large piles of wood for burning the corpses in the nearby pits. All chambers had doors with thick observation windows. In 1942 and 1943 alone those chambers used 27 tons of Cyclone B.
The gas chambers and the crematoria of Auschwitz were called “special installations,” “bath houses,” and “corpse cellars.”[43] Each day the trains rolled into the camp through the passageway constructed in the far gate, down one of three tracks to the selection platform. As they fell out of the trains, the victims were sent one way or another, with tearful parting scenes. The procession moved to the crematoria yard where the SS told the Jews they were going to take disinfection baths. An orchestra of attractive women played gay tunes from operas and light marches. Then to the dressing room or reception center with numbered clothing pegs driven into the walls. The SS ordered the victims to undress and to remember their numbers. Sometimes they gave them towels. Then the SS drove the victims through the corridor to the heated gas chamber. The heating was provided not for the comfort of the prisoners but to create a better setting for the evaporation of gas. The gas squads packed the 2,000 victims into the room. From the ceiling hung imitation shower heads. The doors were closed, the air was pumped out, and the gas poured in. Cyclone B, or hydrogen cyanide, is a very poisonous gas that causes death by internal suffocation.
The Term Paper on Auschwitz Camp Political Prisoner
Auschwitz EVEN IN THE SILENCE OF THE POLISH countryside, Auschwitz can not rest in peace. The name alone prompts instant recognition -- a shorthand for the criminal barbarity of the 20 th century. If ever there were a place in which myth was unseemly and unnecessary, where fact could be left unadorned, it would be Auschwitz. For 50 years, that has not been the case. The list of myths and ...
In sufficient concentrations, it causes death almost immediately. But the SS did not bother to calculate the proper quantities, so death took anywhere from three to twenty minutes. While the victims were dying, the SS witched through the peepholes. When they opened the doors, they found the victims in half-sitting positions in a towerlike pile. Most were pink, others were covered with green spots. Some had foam on their lips, while others bleeding from the nose. Many had their eyes open. The majority were packed near the doors. The squads in special clothing moved in with hooks to pull the bodies off of each other. The SS physicians and scientists monitored the selection and the gassing, watching the procedure through the special airtight door. The doors could not be opened until the doctor gave the sign that all victims were dead. The doctors assumed their monitoring of the killings on a rotating basis.[44] Two German firms, Tesch/Stabenow and Degesch, produced Cyclone B gas after they acquired the patent from Farben. Tesch supplied two tons a month, and Degesch three quarters of a ton. The firms that produced the gas already had extensive experience in fumigation. “In short, this industry used very powerful gases to exterminate rodents and insects in enclosed spaces; that it should now have become involved in an operation to kill off Jews by the hundreds of thousands is not mere accident.”[45] After the war the directors of the firms insisted that they had sold their products for fumigation purposes and did not know they were being used on humans.
But the prosecutors found letters from Tesch not only offering to supply the gas crystals but also advising how to use the ventilating and heating equipment. Hoess testified that the Tesch directors could not help but know of the use for their product because they sold him enough to annihilate two million people. Two Tesch partners were sentenced to death in 1946 and hanged. The director of Degesch received five years in prison. The scientifically planned crematoria should have been able to handle the total project, but they could not. The whole complex had forty-six retorts, each with the capacity for three to five persons. The burning in a retort lasted about half an hour. It took an hour a day to clean them out. Thus it was theoretically possible to cremate about 12,000 corpses in twenty four hours or 4,380,000 a year. But the well-constructed crematoria fell far behind at a number of camps, and especially at Auschwitz in 1944. In August the total cremation reached a peak one day of 24,000, but still a bottleneck occurred. Camp authorities needed an economic and fast method of corpse disposal, so they again dug six huge pits beside Crematorium Five and reopened old pits in the wood.
The Essay on Sir Arthur Currie Canadian Germans Gas
Arthur Currie December 5, 1875 - November 30, 1933 Arthur Currie Arthur William Currie was born on December 5 th, 1875 Napper ton, Ontario, where he attended Strath roy Collegiate Institute. Before beginning a successful military career, Currie moved to Victoria, British Columba (1895), where he was a school teacher, a real estate agent, as well as an insurance broker. He was almost thrown into ...
Thus, late in 1944, pit burning became the chief method of corpse disposal. The pits had indentations at one end from which human fat drained off. To keep the pits burning, the stokers poured oil, alcohol, and large quantities of boiling human fat over the bodies: The sizzling fat was scooped out with buckets on a long curved rod and poured all over the pit causing flames to leap up amid much crackling and hissing. . .. The air reeked of oil, fat, benzole and burnt flesh. Auschwitz lay thirty miles west of Cracow, Poland’s fifth largest city, and was on the direct railroad line to German Upper Silesia. Before the German attack in September 1939, Auschwitz had been a Polish army camp. In May 1940, Rudolf Franz Hoess the adjutant at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, was detailed with thirty men to establish a new compound at Auschwitz. Until the early spring of 1941, Auschwitz, containing nine thousand inmates, was an installation approximately the same size as earlier German concentration camps, such as Dachau and Buchenwald. Then, as Hitler prepared the assault on Russia, Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS and German police, came to Auschwitz and told Ho”ss that the camp would have to be expanded to accommodate a large population of 130,000 – 100,000 of them Soviet prisoners of war. The inhabitants of seven villages standing on the swampy, malarial ground between the Sury and the Vistula rivers west of Auschwitz were to be dispossessed and removed as farm laborers to Germany. Since this area was thickly covered with birch trees, the Germans called the new part of the concentration camp Birkenau (`in the birches’).
The Essay on Camp People Officers Prisoners
... making past the inspections. Before arriving at Auschwitz we came to a "filtering" camp called Birkenau. The men and women were separated and taken ... even thought about fasting. When the holiday came about the prisoners picked up their spoons and started eating like any other ... to happen; none of them realized what happened when the Germans move into town. We first started by imprisoning the officials ...
Weczler’s transport arrived in Auschwitz after midnight on April 15 – arrivals were usually timed so that the twelve thousand residents of the adjoining town would not be witness to their coming. Stumbling stiff and bewildered out of the cars into the glare of spotlights, the men were lined up in a column of five. Carrying their heavy luggage – for they had been told to come well equipped – they were marched a mile to a building, where they were ordered to strip. Their heads and bodies were shaved roughly, they were given showers, and then were disinfected with Lysol. Each man had a number tattooed onto his left breast, a procedure so painful that many passed out. (Later, to simplify processing, the Germans changed the location of the tattoos to inmates’ left arms.) It was ten o’clock in the morning before the operation was completed. Outfitted with wooden clogs and Russian uniforms daubed with red paint, Weczler and his compatriots were taken to Birkenau. There he learned that only 150 of the twelve thousand Russian prisoners of war detailed in December 1941 to work on the camp’s construction had survived the winter. Quartered in half-finished, unheated buildings, they had died of exposure, starvation, and disease.
The Birkenau camp, a mile long and half-mile wide, was encompassed, like Auschwitz, by two rings of electrified barbed wire. Along these, watchtowers were placed every 150 yards. Only a few buildings had so far been completed, though the ultimate goal was to expand the camp to an area covering some two hundred square miles. The men were awakened at three o’clock every morning and marched off at four to clear land and work on the construction of factories of Siemens, Germany’s largest electrical manufacturer; I.G. Farben, the nation’s leading chemical company; and the Deutsche Aurustungswerke (German Defense Works), an SS enterprise. Jews not capable of labor were executed. Except for a half-hour break at noon, when the prisoners each received a bowl of filthy carrot, cabbage, or turnip soup, the work continued uninterrupted until 6 PM. For supper, the men received one ounce – a little over one slice – of moldy bread made from ersatz flour and sawdust. They slept in almost windowless barracks with steeply pitched roofs resembling stables. Tiers of balconies, honeycombed with cells two and one-half feet high, each shared by three men, ran along the walls, giving the building the appearance of a giant beehive.
The Essay on Roaring Camp Men Luck Baby
The Regeneration of Roaring Camp 'And so the work of regeneration began is Roaring Camp' (9). The regeneration referred to takes place in a California mining camp in 1850 after the birth of Tommy Luck, son of Cherokee Sal, the camp's prostitute, who died giving birth. Sometimes one doesn't realize how much he needs to change until he gets a subtle push from fate. Just a little addition to the ...
Lice and fleas tortured the men. Rats were so bold they gnawed at the toes and fingers of sleepers and stole carefully preserved crumbs of bread out of their pockets. A third of the prisoners died every week – the sick and injured were taken to the infirmary, where they were granted two to three days to recover or expire. If they did neither, they were spritzed – given a fatal injection of phenol directly into the heart. At the end of two weeks, only 150 of the 640 men Weczler had arrived with were still alive. By August 15, all but 159 of the 2,722 on the first four transports from Slovakia were dead. (Conot, 3-5) * Not to be confused with Rudolf Hess, the Nazi Party secretary until May 1941.” Conot, Robert E. Justice at Nuremberg. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers. Auschwitz-Birkenau (in the formerly polish, in 1939 adjoined to the “Reich” upper eastern Silesian area, south eastern of Kattowitz): The extermination camp in Birkenau, established in the second half of 1941, was joined to the concentration camp Auschwitz, existing since May 1940. From January 1942 on in five gas chambers and from the end of June 1943 in four additional large gassing-rooms gassings with Zyklon B have been undertaken.
Up until November 1944 more than one million Jews and at least 4000 gypsies have been murdered by gas. In April 1943, all the camp’s prisoners are deported. Abe and the other prisoners once again board cattle cars. They are packed so tightly into the railroad cars that they can’t even squat to sit, much less lie down to sleep. They ride for two days with no food, no water, no toilet facilities–with only dirty straw on the floor. They finally arrive at their destination, glad to finally be breathing fresh air when the cattle car doors are pulled open. Instead they are greeted with shouts of anger, with guns and bayonets pointed at them, and with guards holding back police dogs ready to tear them apart. A stench fills the air. They are at Birkenau, part of the Auschwitz complex, called by some “the mother of all concentration camps. ” In this illustration, you can see the coming together of many tracks that span all of Europe. Auschwitz was the end of the line for millions of Jews, gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and other innocents. Abe spends almost two years in this most infamous of concentration camps. The average prisoner only survived eight weeks in Auschwitz.
Abe learns the ins and outs of survival in Auschwitz. He steals from the Nazis and trades these “organized” goods with Polish citizens when he works outside the gates of the camp. Abe tells his own version of the now famous story of the Polish dancer named Horowitz, who bravely attacks an SS guard named Schillinger while he is trying to force her to undress in the gas chamber, disguised as a shower. She kills Schillinger with his own gun and wounds another guard before she is machine-gunned to her own death. Abe also describes how the underground resistance movement operated in Auschwitz, including his own involvement. He tells of his one-sided love for another now famous heroine, Roza Robota, who is hanged with three other women for her role in the Birkenau Sonderkommando Uprising, just weeks before all three Auschwitz camps are evacuated.
