U OF T PROFESSORS DEVISE BETTER WAY TO TEST SIGHT IN BABIES In a darkened room at Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children, a baby, its head dotted with electrodes, sits in its mother’s lap and watches flashing black and white checkerboards and stripes on a television screen. Soon after the test, doctors will know if the child can see and how well it can see. The testing procedure, which involves measuring brain wave activity prompted by visual stimuli (also called visual evoked potentials or VEP’s) has been perfected by Drs. Barry Skarf of the Department of Ophthalmology and Moshe Eizenman of U of T’s Institute Their procedure is more accurate than tests used elsewhere because Eizenman has developed a novel, real-time computer program to extract brain wave responses from extremely small patterns (similar in size to the bottom line of a standard eye test) which produce much more reliable results. Until now, doctors would have to extrapolate the baby’s ability to see small stimuli from test results using large stimuli.
“In Effect, Dr. Eizenman has developed a way of looking at brain waves that is more sensitive than methods previously available, ” says Skarf. At the HSC, VEP’s are used in a number of clinical applications: to determine whether a visual problem is cognitive; to assess whether babies who don’t appear to see well will see better in the future; to determine a course of treatment for such problems in which one eye turns in or is weaker than the other eye. The second aspect of the researchers’ work involves the development of a stimulator for stereopsis, or binocular vision, which is the fusing of images from both eyes into one picture that has depth. “The problem with testing binocular vision, ” explains Skarf, “is that most stimuli presented to young children have other cues that can be seen with one eye alone. We wanted to devise stimuli that can only be seen by both eyes together and would produce specific brain waves to the stimuli.” Based on a binocular stimulus invented by an American researcher, Eizenman had developed a stimulus that generates a pattern on a tv screen which looks like distortion (a snow storm) when viewed with only one eye, but when viewed through special glasses with both eyes emits a distinctive three- dimensional pattern.
The Essay on Attitudes Towards Test Tube Babies
The participants were given 20 questions to answer in privacy and without any degree of pressure. The questions related to their personal details and to the IVF program in particular. The aim of the investigation was to gather an overall point of view as to whether IVF was indeed seen as an accepted type of program among this age group. In conclusion it is reasonable to think that another survey ...
Skarf and Eizenman are now testing binocular VEP’s on young children. They are examining children with normal sight and evaluating eye function in children with visual disorders. This is the first test of binocular vision to be carried out with large numbers. “Using this binocular stimulus with the very sensitive detector system for analyzing responses, we hope to have a system which will allow us to test binocular vision in young babies, quickly and easily, and to measure responses in a better way than before.” In addition to this clinical research, Skarf now wants to direct his attention to some basic research questions about the development of vision. “We are interested in more than just developing tools. We want to know how binocular vision develops and which factors interfere with development. We want to find out what wheels turn in the brain to produce lazy eyes and impaired binocular vision.” Skarf and Eizenman receive funding from the Medical Research Council of Canada. CONTACT: Barry Skarf (416)598-6133 Moshe Eizenman (416)978-5523
Child Marriage Research Paper
Child Marriage: Why is the Act Performed Throughout Countries Around the World? According to the International Center for Research on Women, “if present child marriage trends continue, more than 142 million girls worldwide will be forced to marry adult men during the next decade-the equivalent of 38,000 girls every day.” Child marriage is defined as marriage before the age of eighteen ( ...
