Bacteria are bad for me
Bacteria are microscopically small (usually 1 to 2 micrometre in length or diameter), single-celled organisms. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria on earth and grow in a wide range of environmental conditions. Many are saprophytic, degrading organic material in soil and water or as parasites of animals and plants. Only a few kinds of bacteria cause disease.
The bacteria that cause disease are called pathogenic bacteria. Once in the human body it enters the body through natural openings or broken skin such as the ‘nose, mouth, urethra, anus and vagina are lined with mucous membranes which are moist providing the perfect environment for microbial growth’. In addition to transfer of bacteria through natural openings, a pathogenic bacterium is also passed from one victim to another in several ways.
Diseases can be transmitted by direct contact from one infected individual to another. The mucous membranes lining the nose and mouth and genital tracts are thinner and softer than most outer surfaces so they are the most frequent entry points, though several organisms infect through the skin. Direct contact is the main means of transfer for most sexually transmitted diseases. These pathogens include Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea) and Treponema pallidum (syphilis), which are extremely sensitive to the effects of environmental factors. They are therefore unable to live outside of their human host.
The Essay on Bacterial Conjunctivitis Eye Bacterium Disease
... grow in chocolate agar which contains disrupted blood cells. Other bacterium which may cause Bacterial Conjunctivitis include Streptococcus and Staphlyococcus. ... 5 days and there is rarely any permanent damage. The disease is treated with antibiotics that typically contain Sulamyd and ... nurse in labor and delivery. I can personally impact this disease by informing mothers who are about to give birth, ...
Organisms that live on the skin surface enter through broken skin and start an opportunistic, cause disease when the body’s defence system is impaired, infection. For instance, staphylococci living on the skin may infect tissues to cause boils or occasionally septicaemia. Tetanus bacteria live in the soil, degrading dead organic material, but dirt can carry spores into deep wounds, or they can enter via an animal bite.
The most important vectors are insects, including biting flies and bugs that transfer pathogens as they feed on blood. Biting flies have mouthparts adapted to penetrate through skin. Salivary secretions that prevent blood clotting as the insect feeds carry the pathogen into the victim.
Organisms that infect the respiratory tract are transmitted in air currents. They are spread by exhaled air or by droplets of mucus spreads by coughs, sneezes or running noses. Large droplets settle quickly; they dry up and the pathogen is released as a fine dust. Smaller droplets stay airborne until the moisture evaporates, leaving small particles called droplet nuclei. These take a long time to settle and are easily inhaled by another person. For example, Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is a slow, progressive, chronic (long-lasting) infection of the lungs although many other organs and tissues may be infected. The bacteria die quickly when exposed to ultraviolet light, but can stay alive for long periods in dark, dank conditions.
Numerous pathogens are transmitted via food or water. Bacterial diseases such as salmonella food poisoning can be passed on by handling contaminated raw meat or eating undercooked food. Some pathogens enter during food preparation as a result human failure to observe basic rules of hygiene, such as washing hands after visiting the toilet. These organisms infect through the gut and often leave via the gut, or cause diarrhoea. Typhoid and cholera bacteria are transmitted in faeces. Inadequate sewage treatment leads to water becoming contaminated with organisms.
The majority of the bacteria attack the tissues directly; others produce poisonous chemicals called toxins. A number of bacterial toxins affect the white cells that normally ingest invading organisms. They either kill them outright or inhibit them so that they do not take up the pathogen. Others cause blood clotting around the infection, which bars the migration of white cells to the site of infection. For example, TB and Brucellosis bacteria can infect the white cells of the immune system and reduce our ability to overcome infections. They resist the normal processes by which white cells break down ingested microbes.
The Term Paper on Bubonic Plague Disease Outbreaks Black
web Bubonic plague has had a major impact on the history of the world. Caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis, and transmitted by fleas often found on rats, bubonic plague has killed over 50 million people over the centuries. Burrowing rodent populations across the world keep the disease present in the world today. Outbreaks, though often small, still occur in many places. The use of antibiotics ...
The spirochaete T. pallidum enters the body through minor abrasions, generally on the genitalia or mouth, where a characteristic lesion called a chancre develops. The disease may proceed no further than this, but if T. pallidum enters the bloodstream and passes around the body, the more serious secondary stage develops, lasting some weeks. Following a latent period of several years, around half of secondary syphilis cases go on to develop into the tertiary stage of the disease, whose symptoms may include mental retardation, paralysis and blindness. Congenital syphilis is caused by T. pallidum being passed from mother to her unborn child.
A limited number of bacterial diseases reach their human host via an insect intermediary from their main host, usually another species of mammal. For example, plague (bubonic plague, the Black Death) has been responsible for the deaths of untold millions of people in terrible epidemics such as the ones that wiped out as much as one-third of the population of Europe in the Middle Ages. It is caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis, whose normal host is a rat, but can be spread to humans by fleas. The bacteria pass to the lymph nodes, where they multiply, causing the swellings known as bubos. Y. pestis produces an exotoxin, which prevents it from being destroyed by the host’s macrophages; instead, it is able to multiply inside them. From the lymph nodes, the bacteria spread via the bloodstream to other tissues such as the liver and lungs.
Once established in the lungs (pneumonic plague), plague can spread from human to human by airborne transmission in respiratory droplets. Untreated plague has a high rate of fatality, particularly for the pneumonic form of the disease. Early treatment with streptomycin or tetracycline however is largely successful. Improved public health measures and the awareness of the dangers of rats and other rodents have meant that confirmed cases of plague are now relatively few.
The Essay on Black Death Plague People Spreading Diseased
Analyze the various responses to the outbreaks of plague from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Discuss the beliefs and concerns that these responses express. The Plague struck Europe in a series of waves beginning from the mid 1300 s and ended in the eighteenth century. During that time, people didn't know the filth they lived in and the un sanitized streets caused the spread of the ...
