The following essay will outline some aspects of globalisation based on the question “Is it possible to be for or against globalisation?” The aim is to explain that it is not possible to paint globalisation in black or white and as a consequence simply being for or against it is not an option. To gain a realistic view rather than an overly pessimistic or optimistic one, a very brief outline of the two major opposing positions is necessary: On one side of the fence are the globalisation sceptics who see the process of globalisation as a threat or deny its impacts altogether. As Martin Griffith put it in the lecture they are of the opinion that the world is not becoming increasingly globalised, but is subject to a process of continuity rather than one of change. On the other side are the hyperglobalisers arguing that the processes of globalisation are changing more or less everything and that the nation-state is disappearing. Having stated these two extreme views let us now have a look at possible benefits and the risks of globalisation, starting with a general summary of possible areas of impact and then moving on to showing some effects of globalisation on tourism in Australia.
There are various aspects of globalisation. We can look at it from an economic, political, social and cultural angle. The one we probably think of first is economic globalisation as it is the most obvious with transnational companies known worldwide like Coca-Cola (Coke) or McDonalds. With regards to political globalisation, we are moving further towards global governance (international political cooperations like the United Nations or the World Trade Organisation) and to an extent erosion of the nation-state. To what degree this is happening is widely argued and further discussion would lead too far in this essay. The cultural and social aspect of globalisation is very often called Americanization or McDonaldisation and is strongly influenced by transnational companies and media.
The Essay on Epochal War State Nation States
Still riding the Trojan horse The Shield of Achilles: War, Law and the Course of History by Philip Bobbitt 960 pp, Allen Lane This is a book of extraordinary ambition. It could well have been called A General Theory of War, Peace and History. For that is what it proffers, at least for political history over the last half-millennium as perceived through European and American eyes. And it has a ...
The television and film industry are advertising the same lifestyle and ideas for everybody in the world, thus trying to turn the consumers worldwide into a homogeneous mass following the same ideals. Despite this rather negative view, the interconnectedness via television and the media like the WorldWide Web also brings people closer together and can aid mutual understanding of different cultures. A good example of showing the interactions and impacts of the process of globalisation is tourism. Until the year 2001 tourism was one of the fastest growing industries in the world and the most important source of income in many countries across the planet. In Australia for example, “Tourism share of GDP is now greater than that of mining or agriculture, and international tourism exceeds coal, wool, meat and wheat as an export earner for Australia.” In the year 1993/1994 the expenditure by foreign visitors amounted to AUD 10. 6 billion, in 2000/2001 foreign expenditure had reached AUD 17.
1 billion. In the year 2001 the number of visitors (and along with it at least partially the expenditure) dropped by 2%, remained steady during 2002 and is expected to grow by 3% in 2003. We can clearly see that tourism plays a significant role in the Australian economy. Although the largest number of travellers are still from the domestic market, the International arrivals have contributed greatly to the growth of the industry. International travel is enhanced by extensive worldwide economic growth, increased mobility and improved technology (e. g.
The Essay on The Economic and Social Importance of Tourism: Australia
The contribution of the tourism industry to economic growth and employment is now being recognised although, in international terms, Australia still lags well behind in tourism receipts. In 1982, Australia’s relative share of the market represented only 1.4 per cent of the OECD total, placing Australia on a par with countries such as Sweden and Portugal but eight to ten times below the level ...
in 1970 the first Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet was introduced by Panama).
Why has the number of international arrivals dropped in Australia? Let us have a look at global political events, bearing in mind the socio-cultural background for the latter (which cannot be further explored in a short essay).
It is impossible to just put the blame on one factor, nevertheless the events of September 11 th 2001 had an enormous impact on travel worldwide and international travel in Australia (The Ansett collapse was not linked to the terrorist attacks, it discontinued operation on September 10 th 2001).
Australia’s relative remoteness and comparative safety with regards to other travel destinations has probably contributed to the fact that the Australian travel market was not hit as badly as other markets, namely the US as international travel destinations, The United Arab Emirates, Egypt and other Islamic countries. The relative safety of Australia became an object of question after the Bali attack on November 12 th 2002 and Australia’s current involvement in the war on Iraq. To show the economic impact of these political and cultural aspects of globalisation let us look at Qantas.
As a result of recent events, Qantas chief financial officer Peter Gregg and boss Geoff Dixon announced that the airline will cut down 1400 jobs. Another reason for the axing of jobs is the SARS outbreak in Asia. As shown in the statistics of the ATC, the Asian market was the one with the biggest prospected growth, e. g. an annual growth of 17% of arrivals from China until 2012.
Of course it is to be expected that the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) outbreak will come under control in the not so distant future, but it will have an impact on the forecasted figures and hopes of the Australian tourism and aviation industry. The example of tourism shows us realistically how much the global economies are linked and interact with the global political, social and cultural aspects of globalisation. Globalisation certainly comes with benefits like improved communication, mobility and economic growth, but it is also a fragile concept that is susceptible to changes. Globalisation will continue but is subject to temporary influences which may occur from time to time, such as resurgence of protectionism or world-wide recession which many commentators in newspapers and journals (e. g. Bulletin) are currently warning of.
The Term Paper on Global Trends in Tourism
Threats of terrorism, pandemic outbreaks, natural calamities and, finally, pesky security checks notwithstanding, the international tourism industry is booming. Tourism has become a key economic driver globally, and is one of the main sources of income for many developing countries today. International tourism receipts totaled $682 billion in 2005 while arrivals, at 842 million in 2006, registered ...
As long as the gap between the “winners” and the “losers” is continuously growing bigger, we will have to look at both sides more carefully to try and gain a better balance. Hence it is simply impossible to be for or against globalisation and a critical view of both sides is necessary. Bibliography BOOKS Hoogvelt, An kie, Globalisation and the Postcolonial World, The New Political Economy of Development, Macmillan Press Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 1997. Knowles, Tim et al. , The Globalization of Tourism and Hospitality, A Strategic Perspective, Continuum, London, New York, 2001.
CHAPTERS IN EDITED BOOKS Acker van, Elizabeth, ‘The Role of Government in a Global World’ in Elizabeth van Acker & Giorel Curran (eds. ), Business, Government and Globalisation, Frenchs Forest, Pearson Education, 2002, pp. 1-11. Barnet, Richard & Cavanagh, John, ‘Homogenization of Global Culture’ in Jerry Mander & Edward Goldsmith (eds. ), The Case Against the Global Economy and For a Turn Toward the Local”, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1996, pp. 71-77.
Busch, Andreas, ‘Unpacking the Globalization Debate: Approaches, Evidence and Data’ in Colin Hay & David Marsh (eds. ), Demystifying Globalization, Palgrave in association with POLSIS, University of Birmingham, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York, 2000, pp. 21-48. Conley, Tom & Wanna, John, ‘Impacts of Globalisation and Australian Policy’ in Elizabeth van Acker & Giorel Curran (eds. ), Business, Government and Globalisation, Frenchs Forest, Pearson Education, 2002, pp.
43-59. Cox, Robert W. , ‘A Perspective on Globalization’ in James H. Mittleman (ed. ), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1997, pp. 21-30.
Goldsmith, James, ‘ The Winners and the Losers’ in Jerry Mander & Edward Goldsmith (eds. ), The Case Against the Global Economy and For a Turn Toward the Local”, Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1996, pp. 171-179. Grunberg, Isabelle, ‘Globalization, governance and the UN role in economic and social affairs’ in Isabelle Grunberg & Sarbuland Khan (eds. ), Globalization: The United Nations Development Dialogue, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New York, 2000. pp, 1-12.
The Essay on The Impact Of Globalisation On World
In the process of globalisation, the world has not only witnessed improved economic states and greater standards of living and quality of life, but also the coming together of a large world. Globalisation is not merely an economic phenomenon, but also extends to social and cultural aspects. In the past decade, where globalisation has been most prevalent, there has been growing contact and transfer ...
Kass im, Hussein, ‘Air Transport and Globalization: a Sceptical View’ in Alan Scott (ed. ), The Limits of Globalization: Cases and Arguments, Routledge, London, New York, 1997, pp. 202-222. Kil minster, Richard, ‘Globalization as an Emergent Concept’ in Alan Scott (ed. ), The Limits of Globalization: Cases and Arguments, Routledge, London, New York, 1997, pp.
257-283. Mittel mann, James H. , ‘The Dynamics of Globalization’ in James H. Mittleman (ed. ), Globalization: Critical Reflections, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, 1997, pp.
1-19. Taylor, Peter J. , ‘Ization’s of the World: Americanization, Modernization and Globalization’ in Colin Hay & David Marsh (eds. ), Demystifying Globalization, Palgrave in association with POLSIS, University of Birmingham, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York, 2000.
Thrift, Nigel, ‘State Sovereignty, Globalization and the Rise of Soft Capitalism’ in Colin Hay & David Marsh (eds. ), Demystifying Globalization, Palgrave in association with POLSIS, University of Birmingham, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York, 2000, pp. 71-102. PERIODICAL ARTICLES Eng, Roland, ‘Global development issues in a changing world’, Journal of Macro marketing, vol 21 no. 2, 2001, pp. 213-216.
Faulkner, H W & D J Walmsley, ‘Globalisation and the pattern of inbound tourism in Australia’, Australian Geographer, vol 29 no. 1, 1998, pp. 91-106. NEWSPAPERS C reedy, Steve, ‘Fear of flying hits take-offs’, The Australian, 11 April 2003. OTHER SOURCES/ WWW Australian Tourism Commission (ATC), Key statistics, Inbound tourism fact sheet, Australia, 2003, , consulted 13 April 2003. Boeing, The Boeing 747 Family – The Power of Evolution, United States, 2003, consulted 13 April 2003..
The Term Paper on Indonesia Tourism In The Eyes Of International
... what it was, growing along with the globalization. It is the Balinese civilization what makes ... flying direct to Denpasar (Bali) from all Australian capital cities. Garuda Indonesia and Qantas also provide ... The Jakarta Post. Indonesian Tourism – a National Tragedy 3.1.1.3 New York Times Holiday in Hell: ... Bali’s Ongoing Woes Bali is still reeling from an April 9 ...