9.1.3 Distribution of tissues in leaves and functions
In the leaf you have xylem and phloem tissues. Xylem tissues act like transport tubes, transporting water and minerals. Phloem tissues are used to transport sugars and water (sap).
When each of these tissues are connected with each other throughout the plant, they form a circulatory system. 9.1.4 modification of roots
* Roots become swollen with food (starch, oils, etc) for storage in cortex cells
* All have a “uniform” shape and typical of biennials
* All contain vascular tissue in the center
Modification of stem- stem tubers
* Stem growth is downward into soil with sections growing into tubers
* Tubers are food storage
* Buds on stem can also grow to form stems and roots
* Identified as stems due to vascular bundles in a ring
Modification of leaves
* Leaf bases grow to form a bulb
* Bulb is used for storage
* Leaves in bulb are recognizable through their series of leaf bases that fit together with a central shoot apical meristem
* Very few chloroplasts
Modification of leaves/stem-tendril
* Tendrils are outgrowths from leaves/ stems that rotate through the air until they touch an object * When contact is made, growth is accelerated (on side with contact) to facilitate wrapping around object * Provides support and allows for upward growth
9.1.5 & 9.1.6 State that Dicots have lateral and apical meristems * Flowering plants have an apical meristem at the tip where cells are unspecialized and can continuously undergo mitosis * Dicot plants also have lateral meristem where the cambium in the vascular bundles of the stem and root thicken 9.1.7 Auxin and phototropism
The Term Paper on Plants Root System
Life science 7 th grade Jr high Chapter 1 Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even other plants. They have always been very important to people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter and a great many other purposes. Both humans and animals benefit from plants. We eat many different types of plants such as fruits and ...
Auxin is a chemical that causes plant growth by cell elongation. It is found in the regions where growth is present. It also tends to accumulate on the shade side of the plant forcing the plant to bend towards the light, thereby maximizing exposure to sunlight. 9.2.1 Branching and root hairs in roots
Roots branch out and develop root hairs to maximize surface area available for mineral and water uptake. Think of drinking with one straw, then drinking with a bundle of straws. 9.2.2 List ways in which mineral ions move into root
1. Mass flow (along with the water in which they are dissolved in )
2. Active Transport (Diffusion and direct process)
9.2.3 Describe active transport
Active transport- plant excretes positive ions leaving the plant negatively charged. The positively charged minerals in the soil move into the plant due to the attraction of negative and positive ions.
9.2.4 Terrestrial plants
Lignified xylem, cell turgor, and thickened cellulose all provide structural integrity for terrestrial plants. They allow the plant to stand straight and facilitate photosynthesis.
9.2.5 Define transpiration
The loss of water through leaves and stems of a plant
9.2.6 Water and transpiration stream
Water constantly evaporates from the plant therefore the plant must continue to intake water. Water travels through xylem cells that act like tubes when connected together so as evaporation of water takes place, the water pressure within these tubes lessen. The plant compensates for this water loss by pulling in more water and because of the cohesive properties of water, as one molecule of water is being pulled up, others will want to follow.
9.2.7 Stoma and the Guard Cell
Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stoma through the action of swelling up guard cells in order to close the stoma. The stoma are ventilation holes and as air escapes from the stoma, moisture is carried with it therefore creating water loss. 9.2.8 Abscisic acid and it’s affect on stomata
The Essay on Plant cell and animal cell
Plant and animal cells have several differences and similarities. For example, animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts but plant cells do. Animal cells are round and irregular in shape while plant cells have fixed, rectangular shapes. Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell wallAbsentPresent (formed of cellulose) ShapeRound (irregular shape)Rectangular (fixed shape) VacuoleOne or more small ...
Abscisic acid is transported to guard cells thereby changing the mineral content. Homeostasis forces the neighbouring cells to transfer water into the guard cell in order to dilute it thereby swelling up the cell with water. 9.2.9 Abiotic factors: light, wind, termperature, humidity. And their affect on terrestrial plants
9.2.10 4 adaptations of xerophytes that help reduce transpiration
1.Reduced number of stomata
2.Thick Waxy, cuticle on stems and leaves
3. Stomata closed during the day, open at night
4. Deep root system below the water table
9.2.11 Role of phloem in active translocation (source to sink) Phloem cells join together to form sieve tubes which transports the sap. Phloem cells have lost most of their organelles and have a modified cytoplasm and plasma membranes. 9.3.2 Distinguish between pollination, fertilization and seed dispersal Seed dispersal- When a fertilized ovule moves away from its parent prior to germination in order to decrease competition. Pollination-Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization- The fusion of the male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote. 9.3.4 Conditions needed for germination of a seed
* Oxygen for aerobic respiration
* Water to metabolically activate the cells
* Temperature for optimized performance of enzymes
9.3.5 Metabolic processes during germination of a starchy seed
1. Water absorbed and activates cotyledon
2. Synthesis of gibberellin used for plant growth
3. Starch to sugar
Giberrellin allows synthesis of amylase(a carbohydrate enzyme)
4. Starch is converted into maltose before being absorbed 5. Sugar to even simpler sugar
Maltose can be converted into glucose
9.3.6 Explain how flowering is controlled in short and long day plants & role of phytochrome
* 2 forms of phytochrome: Pfr & Pr
The Essay on Cell Membranes And Temperature
Located within the vacuole of beetroot cells is a red pigment call Betalains. Typically these pigments are contained within the cell vacuole by the tonoplast (vacuole membrane), however When beetroot is heated these red pigments escape the vacuole. This experiment aims to explore the effect of temperature on the permeability of the cell membranes (i.e. Tonoplast). ‘The cell surface membrane is the ...
* Looking for the perfect levels of needed phytochrome
* Long-day plants have a minimal requirement of a majority amount of Pfr to facilitate flowering *
* Key to which is which
Long to long, short to short
Short-day plants have a minimal requirement of a majority amount of Pr to facilitate flowering
3.8.7 Explain how the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen The by-product of photosynthesis is Oxygen. If we measure the amount of oxygen produced then we can deduce the rate of photosynthesis that is taking place. 3.8.8 Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis Light intensity- High concentration of sunlight allows for higher levels of photosynthesis since more energy is available to be turned into sugars CO2 concentration- High CO2 concentration levels allow for more photosynthesis since CO2 is a vital ingredient in the conversion of sunlight into sugars. Temperature- At low temperatures, the enzymes responsible for photosynthesis have little energy. At high temperatures however, they have more energy and so photosynthesis speeds up
