“One in every ten women in the United States will develop breast cancer sometime during her life.” (Breast Care).
More than six percent of these cases are linked to hereditary. There are many measures that can be taken to detect breast cancer early in its stages. Women who believe they have a higher risk should have the breast cancer gene testing. In order for a woman to consider her case of breast cancer to be hereditary, she must contain either the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene mutation in her genetic make up. Hundreds of mutations have been found in both genes and almost all of the mutations identified are primitive mutations found in only a single family.
Most of the mutations result in a miss-formed protein product; thus the nature of these mutations is easily interpreted. Two successive acquired mutations occurring in a single cell are necessary for the development of cancer. Mutations anywhere along either gene are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. (Transmed Network-Breast Cancer-Characteristics of Hereditary Breast Cancer, 1997).
More than six hundred different mutations have been identified on the BRCA 1 gene. (Gene Clinics, 2000).
The number of mutations found on the BRCA 1 gene is different than those found on the BRCA 2 gene. The prevalence of cancer predisposing BRCA 1 mutations in the general population is estimated to be between one out of five hundred and one out of a thousand cases. BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations indicate that elevated breast cancer risks begin in the late twenties and early thirties. Doctors normally recommend that women began yearly mammograms at the age of fifty. If the gene can be detected as early as the age of twenty, women should take advantage of the extra precaution and have the test done in addition to the mammograms to prevent late diagnosis of cancer. (Gene Clinics, 2000).
The Term Paper on Breast Cancer in African American Women
Breast Cancer in African American Women HCA 430: Special Population Jennine Kinsey Daisha Smith October 8, 2012 “Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the U.S. only exceed by heart disease and the number one killer of persons before the age of 75” (Turnock, B., 2007, p.28). Vulnerable populations can range from homeless, alcohol and substance abuses, or chronically or mentally ill and ...
Virtually all individuals with a cancer predisposing mutation in BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 have inherited it from a parent. (Gene Clinics, 2000).
The parent may or may not have had a cancer diagnosis depending upon the penetrance of the mutation, the gender of the parent, the age of the parent with mutation and other variables. It is appropriate to offer mutation analysis to both parents of an individual with a BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 cancer predisposing mutation. (Gene Clinics, 2000).
In inherited forms of cancer, the parent passes on the gene mutations through a loss of either the maternal or paternal allele within the egg or sperm from which an individual is conceived.
Thus every child that is conceived thereafter has a possibility of passing it on to his or her child. (Transmed Network-Breast Cancer-Characteristics of Hereditary Breast Cancer, 1997).
The off spring of an individual identified as having either the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutations have a fifty percent chance of inheriting the mutation themselves. (Gene Clinics, 2000).
If the mutation exists in someone’s genetic makeup it is considered a dominant trait and can be passed down generation to generation as long as it remains dominant.
The mutation may also be passed down as a recessive gene in the genetic makeup. The risk that a sibling will inherit the cancer predisposing BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutation is fifty percent if at least one parent had the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 cancer predisposing mutation as well. If one sibling inherited the mutation it does not mean that the other siblings will also inherit the mutation. However, the risk of developing the cancer depends upon the kind of mutation, the gender of the individual, and the person’s age. (Gene Clinics, 2000) Studies showed that the BRCA 1 cancer predisposing gene is linked to forty five percent of site specific related breast cancer and thirty five percent of site specific cases were related to the BRCA 2 gene.
The Term Paper on Breast Implants Women Silicone Surgery
Breast Implants One of the first uses of silicone in a medical implant came in the form of lifesaving tubes implanted into young children to funnel excess fluid from the brain into the chest cavity, where the fluid could be safely metabolized and excreted. Since these 'shunts' were first used, in the late 1950 s, silicone in various forms has come to be an important part of many implants. 'It is ...
(Transmed Network-Breast Cancer, 1997).
A person who has the modified gene, labeled BRCA 1, has an eighty five percent lifetime risk for developing breast cancer, as well as a higher risk of ovarian cancer. (National Action Plan on Breast Cancer, 1996).
Genetic testing benefits both sporadic and hereditary cases. The test only identifies weather the gene is present in the person’s genetic makeup, not if it is hereditary. The gene can be present in any woman.
Environmental things such as radiation and chemicals that a woman can come in contact with can cause the mutation in her genetic make up. (Understanding Gene Testing).
Finding out that a gene mutation is present does not mean that a woman will develop the cancer. Women who test positive for the BRCA 1 mutation gene have an eighty percent chance of developing the cancer. The risk is high, but not definite. People who test negative for the BRCA 1 mutation still have a risk of developing the cancer.
Although, a negative response to the test will give a woman a sense of relief, she should still be checked regularly. A negative result may also lower the amount of checkups and tests that are required for families with a higher risk of developing the cancer. If a woman does not contain the genetic mutations, a woman can still develop breast cancer. Out of 180, 000 cases annually, ninety four percent are not linked to being hereditary and are considered sporadic. Even if you contain the BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 gene mutation you have an eighty five percent chance of having breast cancer. This gives women a fifteen percent chance to hope that she does not develop breast cancer.
genetic mutation testing has become another easy way for women to detect breast cancer early. A woman will never truly know if she will definitely develop breast cancer. Test such as genetic mutation testing will definitely help in early detection and prevention against spreading. Works Cited Gene Clinics.
The Review on Thyroid Cancer in Women
Introduction Thyroid cancer is admittedly the commonest endocrine malignancy often detected among young patients and frequently among the women. In most populations, the median age of its detection tends to be quite low, actually below 40 in most cases. It is currently the fastest growing cancers among women. Despite the fact that the cancer is still quite rare, it continues to be increasingly on ...
(March 4, 2000).
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer. Retrieved November 19, 2000 from the World Wide Web: web Action Plan on Breast Cancer. (September 5, 1996).
State of the Science on Hereditary Breast Cancer and Genetic Testing. Retrieved November 19, 2000 from the World Wide Web: web Network.
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Breast Cancer-Characteristics of Hereditary Breast Cancer. Retrieved November 19, 2000 from the World Wide Web: web Network. (1997).
Breast Cancer-Genetic Epidemiology. Retrieved November 19, 2000 from the World Wide Web: web Network.
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Hereditary Breast Cancer. Retrieved November 19, 2000 from the World Wide Web: web.
