The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating to before 7500 B.C. were found at Tell Aswad then later in the upper Tigris region and in southeast Anatolia close to Diyarbakir.[2] Other more recent findings, dated between 7,000 and 6,395 B.C., come from Jericho and Catal Hüyük. The first sun-dried bricks were made in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq), in the ancient city of Ur in about 4000 BC, although the arch used for drying the bricks was not actually found.[3].
Other examples of civilizations who used mud brick include the ancient Egyptians[3] and the Indus Valley Civilization, where it was used exclusively. In particular, it is evident from the ruins of Buhen, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.
The ancient Jetavanaramaya stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka is one of the largest brick structures in the world.
The world’s highest brick tower of St. Martin’s Church in Landshut, Germany, completed in 1500
Malbork Castle, former Ordensburg of the Teutonic Order – biggest brick castle in the worldThe Romans made use of fired bricks, and the Roman legions, which operated mobile kilns[citation needed], introduced bricks to many parts of the empire. Roman bricks are often stamped with the mark of the legion that supervised their production. The use of bricks in southern and western Germany, for example, can be traced back to traditions already described by the Roman architect Vitruvius.
In pre-modern China, brick-making was the job of a lowly and unskilled artisan, but a kiln master was respected as a step above the former.[4] Early traces of bricks were found in a ruin site in Xi’an in 2009 dated back about 3800 years ago. Before this discovery, it is widely believed that bricks appeared about 3000 years ago in the Western Zhou dynasty since the earliest bricks were found in Western Zhou ruins.[5][6][7] These bricks are the earliest bricks discovered that were made by a fired process.[8] Early descriptions of the production process and glazing techniques used for bricks can be found in the Song Dynasty carpenter’s manual Yingzao Fashi, published in 1103 by the government official Li Jie, who was put in charge of overseeing public works for the central government’s construction agency. The historian Timothy Brook writes of the production process in Ming Dynasty China (aided with visual illustrations from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedic text published in 1637):
The Essay on Capital budgeting decisions made too early
Hughes Corporation employs a machine to manufacture its output. It has identified a replacement but wishes to carefully consider the effect on various aspects of the business if it continues to use the existing machine compared with the effect if it replaces it with the new machine. The importance of Capital Budgeting cannot be underemphasized as a replacement decision can impact Hughes ...
The brickwork of Shebeli Tower in Iran displays 12th century craftsmanship…the kilnmaster had to make sure that the temperature inside the kiln stayed at a level that caused the clay to shimmer with the colour of molten gold or silver. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze. To anonymous laborers fell the less skilled stages of brick production: mixing clay and water, driving oxen over the mixture to trample it into a thick paste, scooping the paste into standardized wooden frames (to produce a brick roughly 42 cm long, 20 cm wide, and 10 cm thick), smoothing the surfaces with a wire-strung bow, removing them from the frames, printing the fronts and backs with stamps that indicated where the bricks came from and who made them, loading the kilns with fuel (likelier wood than coal), stacking the bricks in the kiln, removing them to cool while the kilns were still hot, and bundling them into pallets for transportation. It was hot, filthy work.[9]
The idea of signing the worker’s name and birth date on the brick and the place where it was made was not new to the Ming era and had little or nothing to do with vanity.[10] As far back as the Qin Dynasty (221 BC–206 BC), the government required blacksmiths and weapon-makers to engrave their names onto weapons in order to trace the weapons back to them, lest their weapons should prove to be of a lower quality than the standard required by the government.[11]
The Essay on The Renaissance 2 Century Made Study
The Renaissance Renaissance. To some scholars this is a term, which describes the historic period between the late 14 th century and the second half of the 16 th century, which was characterized by the rebirth of the cultural and artistic life. To others this is a term, which is misused to describe just one era in history, a term which distinguishes one period too sharply from another. Either ...
In the 12th century, bricks from Northern-Western Italy were re-introduced to Northern Germany, where an independent tradition evolved. It culminated in the so-called brick Gothic, a reduced style of Gothic architecture that flourished in Northern Europe, especially in the regions around the Baltic Sea which are without natural rock resources. Brick Gothic buildings, which are built almost exclusively of bricks, are to be found in Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Russia.
During the Renaissance and the Baroque, visible brick walls were unpopular and the brickwork was often covered with plaster. It was only during the mid-18th century that visible brick walls regained some degree of popularity, as illustrated by the Dutch Quarter of Potsdam, for example.
Chile house in Hamburg, GermanyThe transport in bulk of building materials such as bricks over long distances was rare before the age of canals, railways, roads and heavy goods vehicles. Before this time bricks were generally made close to their point of intended use. It has been estimated[by whom?] that in England in the eighteenth century carrying bricks by horse and cart for ten miles (16 km) over the poor roads then existing could more than double their price
