1. Briefly describe any one of the communication models discussed in the textbook and/or lecture
Lasswell’s (1948) model describes communication as a one-way transmission of messages. The model shows the ‘who’ as the ‘source’, the ‘what’ as the message, the ‘how’ as the channel, the ‘whom’ as the destination and the ‘effect’ as the outcome.
2. Describe three of the of the tests you can use to enable ethical decision-making
Are we rationalising:
Identify if you are rationalising, that is justifying your reasons with excuses such as: Everybody is doing it
It’s not illegal
They did it to me
If I don’t do it someone else will
The golden rule:
Treat others as you would want to be treated
If you wouldn’t like a particular action or behaviour to happen to you, then don’t do it to others
Publicity test:
After making a decision, it would then be publicised for anyone to see or read about such as family, friends etc. If you are happy and confident in what you have done and do not feel any guilt then it is a good test to use, if not, then the decision was not ethical.
3. What is the role of ‘I’ statements in the communication process? Illustrate with an example
I’ statements are a way of sharing emotions and letting others know how their behaviour is perceived and how it affects you. One of the most effective ways to begin assertive statements is to say ‘I feel … when …’ For example, the message may be: ‘I feel annoyed when you don’t let me know you will be late.’ People can express their needs and wants with an ‘I’ message. It shows their personal involvement plus a willingness to share their feelings. It also lets them own their own reactions. 4. Identify and explain the three techniques of persuasion as outlined in the textbook
The Essay on Communication Model Message Person Personal
The communication model I have chosen to develop is based on the communication between individuals who are building or already have established a strong level of communication. My model will be a reflection of friendships, intimate relationships, teacher / student relationships and also manager / employee relationships. In the model below the sender (Person A) has an intended meaning to express to ...
Three techniques:
Rhetorical mix
Features-benefits mix
Appeals to emotion
Rhetorical mix:
Persuasion involves careful framing of arguments and a mixture of the three types of rhetorical appeal. Good communicators have the ability to use and combine the three types of appeal appropriate to the audience, subject matter and context.
logos, or the appeal to logic (price, variety, product information) pathos, or the appeal to the emotions (entertainment potential of the website, sensory appeal through audio/visuals, intuitiveness of navigation and the extent to which the website can be personalised for users) ethos, or appeal to credibility (privacy and security, corporate image and branding).
Features–benefits mix
The features–benefits mix is a technique of persuasion that incorporates a mixture of a product or service’s features and benefits into the message to show the audience the real benefits. The message must stress the benefits in order to focus on the receiver’s need and enable the receiver to see the relevance of the features and benefits to them. The message has two essential components:
features of a product or service, and a clear and concise illustration of how to apply these features linkage of the features with the benefits to enable the receiver to understand ‘what’s in it for me’
Appeals to emotion
Appeals to emotion are ideas targeted towards the emotions, needs or values that the reader or listener is likely to care about. Fair appeals to emotion generate emotions based on facts and related to the issue. In contrast, unfair appeals to emotion generate emotions based on unsubstantiated claims and aroused by biased words rather than solid evidence or by fallacies such as red herrings or by personal attacks unrelated to the issue. Appeals to emotion balanced with logic persuade fairly and ethically; however, appeals to emotion are often misused either intentionally or unintentionally. When used improperly, emotional appeals offer a simple unthinking reaction rather than a reasoned argument and manipulate through prejudice, fear, embarrassment or other feelings rather than convince credibly. Example
The Essay on Consumer Culture Theory (CCT): Twenty Years of Research
Past 20 years: Flurry of Research and studies abot aspects of consumption. CCT presents a non-exhaustive overview about consumption and marketplace behavior: A family of theoretical perspectives that address the dynamic relationships between consumer actions, the marketplace, and cultural meanings. Culture is not seen as a homogenous system of collective meanings, way of life and unified values ( ...
5. Define the concept of emotional intelligence. Discuss the role emotional intelligence plays in building relationships and improving performance at work.
Define: the abilities to recognise and regulate emotions in ourselves and others. Discuss: Emotionally intelligent people are responsive to others and able to use their own personal and social competence to express their expectations and values. Researchers have concluded that success is related to more than general intelligence (IQ).
Successful people are emotionally intelligent. They have the personal and social competence to develop positive personal, social and work relationships, and to interact easily. Emotional intelligence influences organisational effectiveness in a number of areas: employee recruitment and retention, development of talent, teamwork, employee commitment, morale and health, innovation, productivity, efficiency, sales, revenue, quality of service, customer loyalty, client or student outcomes.
6. Briefly explain the difference between macro-culture and micro-culture including examples for each
The macro-culture comprises all the arts, beliefs and institutions (legal, governmental, business, educational and social) that characterise an ethnic group, race or nation, while a narrower micro-culture exists within the macro-culture. The micro-culture includes the characteristic attitudes and behavior operating within a group, an organisation or a nation.
Macroculture usually consists of the culture which influences the majority of the people. In United States, macroculture reflects to the traditions of Western Europe.
An example of a micro-culture could be the aboriginal community within the larger Australian community.
7. Describe the characteristics of Hall’s cultural communication 2">context model of culture
The Essay on Culture And Cultural Diversity In The Medieval Islamic World
Culture and Cultural Diversity in the Medieval Islamic World Diversity can be defined as differences between people worth respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental abilities, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice and other human differences (Religion and Cultural Diversity Conferences). The medieval Islamic world encompasses the period from 622 C.E. or the first year of ...
Hall’s context model demonstrates that communication and culture are not only about words. Not just text, but context. It explains how context can be measured and that there are two extremes – low and high
High context:
A culture in which the context of communicated messages is as important as the communicated message Low context:
A culture in which the context of communicated messages is not as important as the communicated message itself
8. Define the terms ‘enculturation’ and acculturation’ and explain how they differ. Provide examples for each of the terms Enculturation is the socialisation process that we go through as we learn about and adapt to our society Examples:
unconscious (as we absorb and imitate the daily habits, speech patterns and roles of our parents from infancy) or deliberate (as we are taught specific manners for greeting people, religious rites and rituals, and reading the Bible, Koran, Torah or other literature).
Acculturation is the process of cultural adjustment and adaptation people experience as they move from one culture to another.
Example:
Adopting a culture’s values, symbols and behaviour.
Moving to another country and adapting to their customs whilst maintaining your traditions from back home. Differ:
Enculturation and Acculturation both involve adapting to society however acculturation is not an unconscious or deliberate process and mainly occurs when introduced to a new culture or environment. 9. What is cultural diversity? Why is it important for people to study diversity as they prepare to enter their career?
Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. It is important that people study diversity as they prepare to enter their career because people can then accommodate differences in the background, perspectives and family responsibilities of other employees, and gather knowledge from the diversity of perspectives to generate new ideas and ways of doing things. It is also important, as they will already have acknowledged that the workplace is diverse and also respect other colleagues of their customs and cultural beliefs. This in turn prevents any form of discrimination, and judgement.
The Essay on Deaf Culture Hearing People
Deaf Culture In mainstream American society, we tend to approach deafness as a defect. Helen Keller is alleged to have said, 'Blindness cuts people off from things; deafness cuts people off from people.' (r nib. org) This seems a very accurate description of what Keller's world must have been. We as hearing people tend to pity deaf people, or, if they succeed in the hearing world, admire them for ...
10. Hofstede’s five‐dimensional model of culture has substantial potential for aiding our understanding of individual cultures and for comparing cultures. What are the five dimensions in the model? Briefly explain any one of the dimensions.
Five Dimensions
Power Distance
Uncertainty Avoidance
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Long-term vs. Short-Term Orientation
Uncertainty Avoidance
Defines the extent to which members of a culture feel nervous about, or are
threatened by, situations they perceive as ambiguous, unclear or unstructured.
People in high-uncertainty cultures:
Are risk averse
Maintain strict codes of behaviour
Establish more formal rules
Tend to be resistant to change.
People in low-uncertainty cultures:
Take more risks
Require fewer structures
Are more informal and relaxed
Are willing to accept change.
