Market Theories Investments Seminar Table of Contents Introduction 3 Castle in the Air Theory 3 Firm foundation theory 3 Effects of the Market 3 Market Theories 5 The Tulip-Bulb Craze 5 Today’s “Tulip-Bulb” Craze, the Dot-Com Crash 5 Conclusion 6 Introduction Castle in the Air Theory The Castle in the Air theory was introduced by John Maynard Keynes, an well known economist and successful investor of the 1930 s. It was Keynes’ theory that the keys to investing came from supernatural or psychic means. He applied psychological rather than financial principles to the study of the stock market. He believed that it was not only too difficult but also quite time consuming to determine the intrinsic value that would yield a promising return on investments. He thought that it should not take all of that. He proposed that the best way to do so was estimating which investment situations that the public would focus on and then buying “before the crowd.” In other words, instead of picking out six out of a hundred stock based on how attractive they may have looked on the outside, it was better to select those stocks that the public were more likely to like the best.
Or more so to predict what an average opinion of the best stocks are likely to be. The Castle in the Air theory speculates that an investment is worth a certain price to a buyer because the buyer would expect to sell it to someone else at a higher price. And the new buyer anticipated the same thing. Keynes’ approach did pay off for him during the Great Depression. He became famous by playing the stock market from his bed for half and hour each morning and became quite successful. While other investors were struggling to find out the financial magic number of the best investment, he simply anticipated their next move and bought before anyone else.
The Essay on Stock market Investment
All investors are faced by decision making task before they make any investment. They make use of technical analysis, gut feel and fundamental analysis while performing an investment analysis before they make their decision. These decisions are greatly influenced by the extant portfolio theory. This theory tries to minimize the risk and maximize on the returns by careful selection of assets. This ...
In the text, this theory was also named the greater fool theory because it proposed that there was a sucker born every minute. These “suckers” existed to buy an investment at a higher price than what was paid. The behaviors of the masses as well as the behavior of the economy could be observed and speculated in such a way that it would bring on profits for followers of this theory. Psychologically it is to me a crude one, but perhaps it was also a truthful one. firm foundation Theory The firm-foundation theory speculated that each tool used for investment (stock, real estate, etc. ) was directly related to intrinsic value.
Intrinsic value could be determined by carefully analyzing present-day conditions and future speculations. It was determined that when market prices fell below or rose above this firm foundation a buying or selling opportunity would come about. Quite simply it became a matter of comparing the actual price with its “firm foundation” of value. As stated in our text, the classic developer of this technique came from John B.
Williams, a mathematician and financial writer. Williams’ formula for determining the intrinsic value of stock was based on dividend income. He introduced the concept of “discounting” in order to determine this value. It was his belief, according to our text, that the intrinsic value of a stock was equal to the present or “discounted” value of all of its future dividends. In other words a stock’s value should be based on the earnings a firm will be able to distribute in the future in the form of dividends. At this point, future expectations have to be included which would of course entail more intricate calculations.
The Term Paper on Virgin Galactic, Market Reseach on Price
1. Introduction “The Earth is the cradle of humanity, but mankind cannot stay in the cradle forever. Great scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky already in the 19th century saw space as a place that has a potential for the future innovations. What at that time was a fantasy today is a business of Virgin Galactic established by Richard Branson. Space does not leave people indifferent. Children dream to ...
The overall issue with the firm foundation theory, as pointed out in our text, is that it relies on difficult forecasting towards the extent and duration of future growth. Effects of the Market Overall all both of the above mentioned theories have aided somewhat with the stock market. The firm foundation theory seems to be way too complicated to try to figure out. But considering that it is one of the ways the Warren Buffet uses, leaves room to believe in the concept to be perhaps more accurate and predictable than most.
As far as the Castle in the Air theory, it seems to be a more pleasant and easier approach. However, with both concepts it would be foolish to try to actually swear by one. I think that each one may have its good side at different moments of the market and not so great moments at other times within the market. I believe that all of this is due to the simple fact that there is no real way to predict or calculate the actual effects of the market.
However, I do believe that in order to get any kind of return you will have to speculate or calculate something. It is really a matter of risk. Because in order to get any type of a return at all some risk has to be taken. Risk must be involved.
Market Theories The Tulip-Bulb Craze The tulip-bulb craze was one of the most astounding get-rich-quick crazes in history. I believe that it basically was a kind of Castle in the Air approach. I say this because most people of that time could not have calculated the value of the bulbs at that time. The prices were no where near an accurate reflection of the value of a tulip bulb. It was the “castle in the sky” notion that caused thousands to believe that the passion for tulips would last forever and buyers from all over the world would come to Holland and pay whatever prices were asked for them. Pure speculation.
This speculation was without any past experience or past data to go by. There was no rational explanation for the rise and fall in prices of these flowers. One thing is for certain though as stated in our text, is when there is a real demand for a method to enhance speculative opportunities, the market will surely provide it. And it did. Today’s “Tulip-Bulb” Craze, the Dot-Com Crash Just a few years ago another craze took the investment industry by storm. Between 2000 and 2002 in Silicon Valley, California we ” ve experienced another craze.
The Essay on International Foreign Exchange Market
Foreign currency deposits are held by different countries in their national banks. They are the assets of the government which are held in hard currencies such as sterling, euro, dollar and yen. These currencies are used to protect the country against economic crisis and depreciation of currency (Timothy, 2009, p230). Everyday exchange rates are important because they determine how much money is ...
The Internet took the industry by storm. After I believe the mid 1990 s the internet had such a vast amount of users and the number of them was growing rapidly every day. It became too attractive to pass up an opportunity of being able to reach out to such a huge number of people. Also, since the internet does not have a closing time, the availability to reach potential customers 24/7 was too hard to resist. IPOs of internet companies came up so fast and fiercely the thought of missing out on investing in them became an ill thought that no one wanted to think about any more. All of the missed opportunities, the regrets of not getting in on an opportunity at the beginning was not something any investor wanted to feel or go through any more.
I believe that this craze was more so affected because of psychological pains of regret were so strong. Such like the Castle in the Air theory depicts. I think that the dot-com craze was good. It just came out too soon too fast. Companies were not ready to go into this thing for the long term and they should have been thinking like so.
The industry fell and fell hard after such a short time. Yet, overall taking a risk was perhaps one of the best things to have come out of this craze as well as all others. Conclusion In conclusion, I think that it is important for investors to understand both theories. The Castle in the Air theory sets an stage that is easier in my opinion to deal with. It has a way of encouraging an investor to look at and observe the behaviors of the market. The firm foundation theory, in my opinion is a worthwhile theory to research and develop.
Knowing how to calculate different values and study the trends of such I believe are a good way to at least be able to make a more reasonable investment decision. Overall, I think that both methods are good because it can generate a better understanding of the market as a whole. Risk taking is a must and an investor is going to have to take risks in order to generate a return. That’s a given.
The Essay on The Future Of The Internet
It's on television, in magazines, newspapers, and in our schools. Everywhere you go you hear about the Internet. Dubbed "The Information Superhighway," one might think that this network of millions of computers around the globe is as fast and as captivating as television, but with more and more users logging on everyday and staying on longer and longer, this "Information Superhighway" could be ...
However, it is by far a better thing to use these two theories in order to better equip investors for survival in the market.
