Great strides have been made in recent years in the development of a vaccine to treat the cervical cancer. Scientists have cultivated a prophylactic vaccine that would protect against the human papillomavirus. HPV’s role in generating cervical cancer was discovered in 1983. The WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), located in Lyon, France, has been in the forefront in epidemiological and laboratory studies needed to comprehend the disease. The IARC have chosen different methods, but the origins of most of them are based on genetically engineered Virus Like Particles (VLPs), composed of the outer structural proteins of HPV. These VLPs are not infectious or carcinogenic because they contain no DNA.
Some factions are trying to produce the prophylactic vaccine alluded to earlier, while others are developing a therapeutic vaccine for individuals who are already infected. Still others are merging the two techniques. All of approaches have been presented with huge obstacles. Human papillomavirus cannot be replicated in cell culture, nor can it be transmitted to other animals, and human experimentation is limited given the carcinogenic nature of carcinogenic HPV’s that are entirely infectious. All attendees that participated at the WHO conference agreed that because of the diverse dynamic that are potentially at risk of cervical cancer that it is crucial that a prophylactic vaccine be made to targeted at a younger population that has yet to become sexually active. The WHO also found it important that any vaccine would have to include representative people to guarantee international importance.
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According to researcher Luisa Lina Villa of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Sao Paulo, a potential vaccine would decrease the number of cases in developing countries . There is large discrepancy between developed countries and third world nations, due in large part to the availability of screening and treatment facilities found in industrialized countries. The percentage of cervical cancer in women triggered by HPV ranges from 3% to 5% in North America and Western Europe, while in South America, Southwest Asia, and the sub-Saharan African nations it ranges from 20% to 24%. Cervical cancer occurs in women in four stages, as well as a “pre-cancer”, or “pre-malignant” stage, where abnormal cells are in the surface layer of the cervix and have not penetrated deeper tissues. This is also called “in situ”, which literally means “in place”. For gynecologic cancers, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system is the most widely used and highly regarded system of determining the various stages because it is both accepted internationally and supports an international standard where healthcare professionals can converse with one another when comparing their respective research, thereby ensuring a type of universal language on the subject of gynecological cancer, according to Laura Dolson’s Gynecologic Cancer Resource Center. This system involves assigning a numerical stage (0 through IV) to a patient’s cancer based on physical examination and other diagnostic exams, such as cystoscopy or proctoscopy.
Stage I is classified into two separate subdivisions. Stage IA involves the invasion of the cervical tissues, and can be seen with only a microscope. Stage IB is when the lesions have developed wider than 7 mm or deeper than 5 mm, or at any size that can be detected without a microscope. Stage IB is further characterized by tumors or lesions larger or smaller than 4 cm, again detectable without the aid of a microscope. Treatment for stage I cervical cancer is a simple hysterectomy, unless the cancer is more than 3 mm or has invaded the blood vessels or lymph vessels, in which case a radical hysterectomy may be needed. radiation therapy may be used post-op if the cancer cells extend to the edges of the organs that were removed.
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Introduction, Signs and Symptoms, Terminology, Definitions ONE Patients diagnosed with breast cancer should obtain a second opinion as soon as possible. Chapter 2 ONE Breast cancer begins with a single glandular mutation in the breast. ONE Risks Previous breast cancer, age over 50 and strong history of family breast cancer increases a patients risk for breast cancer. ONE Risks Minor risk factors ...
Recent clinical trials show that a combination of radiation and cisplatin can be more effective than radiation therapy alone . Stage II cancer occurs when the tumor(s) have extended beyond the cervix, but not as far as the pelvic wall. Stage II is also classified into two separate subdivisions. Stage IIA is when the cancer has extended to the upper portion of the vagina, but not as far as the surrounding tissue, or parametria. Stage IIB occurs when the cancer extends to the parametrial tissues, but not as far as the pelvic wall. One treatment option for Stage II cervical cancer is high-dose internal and external radiation therapy.
As with Stage I treatment, radiation therapy in conjunction with medication can prove more effective than with radiation therapy alone. A second treatment option is radical hysterectomy with selective para-aortic and radical bilateral (both sides) pelvic lymph node dissection. Stage III entails the cancer moving beyond the parametrial tissues, but not into the pelvic area. As with Stage I and II, stage III is also classified into two separate subdivisions. Stage IIIA indicates that the cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina, but no further, Stage IIIB means that the cancer has either spread to the pelvic wall, or has blocked a ureter, which carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Stage IV is considered to be advanced cervical cancer.
This means that the cancer has spread to body organs outside of the cervix and parametrial tissues. Some oncologists will classify a stage IVA when the cancer has spread to the nearby organs, such as the bladder or rectum. The treatment options for those diagnosed with stage IIIA, IIIB, and IVA cervical cancer are the same as those with Stage II: radiation therapy in conjunction with medication or a radical hysterectomy with selective para-aortic and radical bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection. It is worth noting that radiation therapy was once the only option available for theses stages of cervical cancer. Stage IVB would mean that it had spread to organs further away, such as the lungs or liver. This stage of cervical cancer is not considered by medical professionals to be curable, and the treatment options tend to focus on relieving some of the more unpleasant cancer symptoms such as pain or incontinence, as well as trying to extend the survival time of the individual. It is usually this stage of cervical cancer where a patient may choose to participate in clinical trials that test new therapies that are in their experimental stage.
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BREAST CANCER) Anatomy of the breast The breast is a gland designed to make milk. II) What is breast cancer? Breast cancer is an abnormal growth of cells. These abnormal growths are called tumors. Not all tumors are cancerous. Non-cancerous tumors - benign Cancerous tumors - malignant If not treated the cancer may spread to other parts of the body. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in ...
According to most gynecological oncologists, the primary surgical option for treating cervical cancer is a hysterectomy . A hysterectomy involves the uterus being completely or partially removed. The fallopian tubes and ovaries may also be removed. A partial (or supracervical) hysterectomy is removal of just the upper portion of the uterus, leaving the cervix intact. Another option is a total hysterectomy, which involves the removal of the entire uterus and the cervix. A radical hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus, the tissue on both sides of the cervix (parametrium), and the upper part of the vagina.
A hysterectomy may be done through an abdominal incision (abdominal hysterectomy), a vaginal incision (vaginal hysterectomy), or through laparoscopic incisions (small incisions on the abdomen — laparoscopic hysterectomy).
Generally, a hysterectomy being performed results it the patient’s inablity to become pregnant in the future due to the organs being removed. An option that, in some cases, leaves the patient the oppurtunity to continue to bear children is a radical trachelectomy. In this operation, the surgeon will try to remove all of the cancer, but leave the internal opening of the cervix behind. This is then stitched closed, leaving a small opening to allow the flow of the patient’s period to escape. The idea is that the stitch will support a growing pregnancy until the baby can be born by Caesarean section. This operation can only be done if the patient have a small stage IA cervical cancer.
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Cancer It is a group of diseases by an uncontrolled growth that spreads abnormal cells. Cancer spreads and if not controlled it will kill you; the earliest detection is better for your chances of survival. The risk of cancer increases with your age, the older you are the greater your risk is for developing cancer. Middle aged and older adults are more out to get cancer. Lifetime Risks Individuals ...
The surgeon will not be able to ensure that the operation is possible beforehand, as it isn’t possible to tell for sure how far up into the cervix the cancer has grown until the patient is “under the knife”. An alternative to surgery for those with cervical cancer is radiotherapy. Radiotherapy uses high-energy waves to treat cancer. A patient can have radiotherapy for gynecological cancers externally or internally. External treatment means the beams are directed at the body from a machine that is similar to an X-ray machine, and is typically administered in the hospital radiotherapy department. The treatment is usually given once a day from Monday to Friday with a rest over the weekend.
External radiotherapy treatment for early cervical cancer usually lasts for three or five weeks depending on the extent of the cancer and the facility where the patient is being treated. Internal radiotherapy means a radioactive source is put into the vagina and into the womb. This stays in for either hours or days to give an extra ….
