Since its inception in the late 1700s, public schools in America have undergone many changes. Thomas Jefferson’s goal of state-supported educational systems is now a reality which extends beyond a basic elementary school in each community to offer secondary schooling to all Americans. This widespread, free, public education for all is not without its critics. Education reform movements trace back as early as the 1820s when changes in the economy spurred by westward expansion, immigration, and urbanization called upon schools to create a nationalist spirit and help socialize new Americans into the culture (Tozer, Violas, & Senese, 2002).
Change continues to be a part of American education. Lewin’s change theory and system’s thinking and learning are two change theories discussed in current literature.
The first theory, the Lewinian Approach, is a Human Relations theory. Lewin’s (as cited in Duffy, 2004) theory stated that in order to change a system people must first visualize the desired organizational framework. After assessing the goals, the organization compares them to the organization’s current state looking for gaps between the two. Finally, they develop a change plan composed of long-range and short-term goals that will move their system toward those goals. Lewin’s approach also suggests involving workers in the decision making process to promote greater acceptance of the changes (Marion, 2002).
Duffy (2004) challenges Lewin’s system stating that a school system’s complexity makes a straightforward theory such as Lewin’s impossible to implement. Duffy’s logic is that “if change leaders in school systems assume that the strategic path from the present to the future is relatively straightforward when the actual path is winding, then people engaged in systemic change soon will be off the true path and lost” (p. 317).
The Essay on Some Systems Theories
The General Systems theory rises out of the human need to live in an orderly, deterministic world. Systemists see the world as a hierarchy of systems ‘from sub-atomic particles to civilizations'(), while other branches of science study the characteristics and the laws that govern specific sub-systems, General Systems theory is a search for the ‘law of laws’; A holistic principle ...
The non-linear nature of large and diverse school systems best operates under an opens-systems theory rather than the closed-system Lewinian theory.
In spite of its obvious drawbacks, schools utilize much of Lewin’s original theory when implementing change. For example, gaining stakeholder acceptance by including them in the decision-making process is the cornerstone of change in a successful school culture. Additionally, Lewin’s idea of developing organizational goals to move toward is crucial to organizational success. Marion (2004) points out that the primary difficulty with Lewin’s theory is its closed system approach. While many districts may focus on student achievement as a central goal, they cannot ignore health and socioeconomic issues as factors affecting the goal. For this reason, Lewin’s theory cannot work in school systems. Attempts to implement this type of theory would require schools to disregard the broad scope of responsibilities inherent in a school system in order to focus on singular goals such as student achievement.
A better theory for implementing change in school systems can be found in the Complexity Theory. According to Marion (2004, p. 302), complexity theory…is a science of large interactive networks and nonlinear cause and effect.” A cousin to this theory is articulated in Senge’s book, The Fifth Discipline where Senge (as cited in Marion, 2004, p. 322) posits that “organizations must be understood systematically.” Senge (1990) and Vaill (1996) call for organizations to focus on becoming learning organizations. According to Senge (1990), in a learning organization “people continually expand their capacity to create the results they truly desire,…new and expansive patterns of thinking are nurtured,…collective aspiration is set free, and …people are continually learning how to learn together” (p. 3).
The Essay on Lessons Concerning Staffing Decisions and Bringing About School Change
Gary Hopkins, in his article, enumerated some of the lessons learned by principals on making staff decisions and bringing about school change. These lessons came from the principals that have learned them from mistakes made first hand. They hope to give advice to new school administrators or even those current ones in decision-making regarding staff members, hiring new ones, and making changes ...
This dynamic environment of continual learning is more conducive to educational institutions whose primary goal is learning.
Complexity theory, Senge (1990), and Vaill (1996) all suggest that school systems must look at the big picture of the organization and determine how changes in one subsystem may affect a different subsystem. According to Marion (2004, p. 327), complexity theory “calls for leaders who can make sense of complexity.” Understanding that the school district is a series of interrelated parts is crucial to realizing Senge’s learning organization.
In order to implement change in schools, Duffy (2004) suggests that there are three paths to system learning. Districts must improve work processes, internal social architecture, and external support simultaneously in order to maximize the change effects (Duffy, 2004; Vaill, 1996).
Failure to improve all aspects of a system results in ineffective change.
At the school level, leaders must improve the work processes; the work of a school is learning. A school leader’s responsibility is as a leader of learning, both student learning and teacher learning (Hargreaves & Fink, 2003).
However, a school leader’s change efforts cannot be sustained without support and systemic change across the entire system. Hargreaves and Fink (2003) report that the most effective organizations distribute leadership in order to harness the combined intellect of the organization. Therefore to initiate change, schools should be a place where teachers, students, parents, and principals are leaders. This reasoning is not unlike Lewin’s theory of involving workers in the decision-making process. Developing a culture of shared leadership reaps rewards in accepting change.
Inevitably educators are faced with changes brought on by political influences at the state and national level. As new legislation continues to impose unfunded mandates, schools are faced with doing more with less. Vaill (1996) calls these changes permanent white water: “the complex, turbulent, changing environment in which we are all trying to operate” (p. 4).
The Development Of A Prevention Dropout For Secondary Student In An Urban High School Setting
The Development of a Prevention Dropout for Secondary Student in an Urban High School Setting According to Noguera and Dimon (2003), the rate of dropout in American urban high schools may be the biggest but least known problem today. Noguera and Dimon estimated that at a great amount of schools 50% and even more of the students who start their ninth grade leave it without graduation. [3]. Many ...
Creating a learning organization equips workers with the skills necessary to meet the demands of a constantly changing environment. Leaders of dynamic institutions such as schools must model learning at every opportunity to demonstrate how to tackle impending changes. Vaill (1996) says leaders must take the lead in leaderly learning in order to show others in the organization how to comprehend, accept, and support change (p. 134).
Senge (1990) might call this demonstration of leaderly learning building a shared vision. Fostering a shared vision invites commitment from all stakeholders because the vision transcends personal interest to encompass the organization as a whole. In addition, unlike Lewin’s theory, the shared vision looks at all components of the organization rather than focusing on one subsystem.
Just as schools in the 1800s were called upon to meet the needs of a changing society, schools today must also meet the needs of a changing society. Increased urbanization, child poverty, and technological advances demand that education leaders respond with programs to meet those requirements. Over 200 hundred years of public education in America has demonstrated that change is an integral part of school systems. “The organizations that will truly excel in the future will be the organizations that discover how to tap people’s commitment and capacity to learn at all levels in an organization” (Senge, 1990, p.4).
Creating a system that promotes and demands learning of all stakeholders is the key to developing a successful organization.
References
Duffy, F. M. (2004).
The destination of three paths: Improved student, faculty and staff, and system learning. Educational Forum, 68(4), 313. Retrieved August 28, 2004, from ProQuest database.
Hargreaves, A., & Fink, D. (2003).
Sustaining leadership. Phi Delta Kappan, 84(9), 693-700. Retrieved July 20, 2004, from EBSCOhost database.
Great Depression Teachers School Education
During the Great Depression receiving an education was becoming more and more difficult for southerners. From not being able to afford the required supplies needed, to not being able to pay the tut ions, many people found it nearly impossible to attend school. The novel, To Kill A Mockingbird written by Harper Lee shows how the lack of education in society during the Great Depression affected ...
Marion, R. (2002).
Leadership in education: organizational theory for the practitioner. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Senge, P. M. (1990).
The fifth discipline. New York: Doubleday.
Tozer, S. E., Violas, P. C., & Senese, G. (2002).
School and society (4th ed.).
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Vaill, P. B. (1996).
Learning as a way of being. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
