This paper looks at how much social class origin, caste and community and gender affect one’s chances of moving ahead in society by getting managerial and professional jobs and this trend changes over time. DATA: National election survey of 2004 contains information on class, caste background and current occupation. National sample survey data over years have been used to look at sectoral distribution of labour forces. METHOD: Classes have been studied under five classifications and similarly castes have classified under eight categories and both are socially viable.
Absolute mobility has been used to study intergenerational social mobility and after allowing for structural changes, relative mobility has been analyzed by using odds ratio. Finally to study the effect of castes/community on social mobility logistic regression have been used with access to salariat class destination as dependent variable and class origins and castes as independent variables. To look at the trends over time, five year birth cohort data have been used with focus on father’s occupation to avoid any impact of life-cycle process.
HYPOTHESIS: Since India has gone through various social economic changes over years, like a capitalist country it is expected to become more open with greater equality of opportunities after liberalization of post 1980s. Therefore, equality of opportunity should rise along with a rise in absolute mobility. Discussion to patterns of intergenerational mobility of men and women is limited only to paid employment. EVALUATION: Paper pointed out that proportion of Indian labour in trade, manufacture and services has risen but the largest workforce participation still remains in agriculture.
The Term Paper on Social Media Changing the Way We Do Business
The purpose of this paper is to point out the employers versus the employees’ point of view in regards to the analysis of law, ethics, and social responsibility. Not since the industrial revolution has there been such a shift in how business and commerce is being done. Social Media and User Generated Content shifts the paradigm of business away from product seeking customers’ commerce to the ...
There has been an increasing room at the top and agricultural workers and farmer’s participation has declined over time. More women as compared to men remain in agricultural occupations. Also, the occupational change has been there prior to liberalization. Therefore, we do not see any impact of modernization in the changing occupational patterns. Crosstabs of NES data between classes of father and respondent clearly shows a stable intergenerational society for both men and women.
A trend analysis of absolute mobility shows decreasing upward mobility and increasing downward mobility as opposed to our hypothesis. Trends in inequality of opportunity calculated by using odds ratio and then by log linear model (appropriate way to test for increasing fluidity) shows a clear pattern of increasing inequality of opportunity both in agriculture and informal sector but grater in farming sector. A higher odds ratio of farmer: salariat than manual: salariat ratio points out some sectoral barriers in addition to class barriers.
Also, the movement between farming and salariat jobs is harder for women. Overall there has been little demonstrable increase in equality of opportunity in Indian society. When the impact of castes was analysed is was seen that by using the logit regression and recoding castes in eight distinctive categories no clear trend could be observed for both men and women. Rather the father’s class has been a strong determining factor for access to salaried class destinations.
Surprisingly India which is a caste based society and policies of reservation are also based on castes, it is the class which determines the upward social mobility. Caste reservation does not seen to have benefitted the SCs and STs as might have been hoped. CRITIC The paper in the beginning explained various modernization theses and asking research questions based on demand and supply side issues. It was said that we explore these various possibilities in remainder of the chapter. But the whole focus was concentrated only on class and lastly caste analyses.
The Term Paper on Class V Caste System
A Class vs. a Caste System In any country's history, a high stage of social development is reached only when the main social divisions are formed. "The caste system penetrates the Hindu society to a level unknown elsewhere. It plays some part in other civilizations but in India it has invaded the whole. It is in this sense that we may speak of the caste system as a phenomenon peculiar to India" ( ...
Competitive market, formalized recruitment procedure and equality of condition were not incorporated as results of modernization as per my understanding. I am not aware though if such a method is possible. Secondly, not undertaking the marital social mobility of women has been considered a limitation in the study but since the paper looks at the social mobility in terms of access to salarit jobs, marriage of a women to a higher class individual than her father does indicate a net upward social mobility of her living standard but not her chances of getting a better job.
Even if this argument doen’t sounds good then a social mobility through marriage is not in any case an indicator of modernization of society. Lastly, in the birth cohort method, one has to self calculated roughly where exactly the period of liberalization has been shown on the table or graph. Since our focus is on modernization, had there been a mention of period of liberalization along the birth years it would have been easy to anlyze the changes before and after the liberalization.
