The Power On Self Test When the system is powered on, the BIOS will perform diagnostics and initialize system components, including the video system. (This is self-evident when the screen first flicks before the Video Card header is displayed).
This is commonly referred as POST (Power-On Self Test).
Afterwards, the computer will proceed its final boot-up stage by calling the operating system.
Just before that, the user may interrupt to have access to SETUP. To allow the user to alter the CMOS settings, the BIOS provides a little program, SETUP. Usually, setup can be entered by pressing a special key combination (DEL, ESC, CTRL-ESC, or C RTL-ALT-ESC) at boot time (Some BIOSes allow you to enter setup at any time by pressing CTRL-ALT-ESC).
The AMI BIOS is mostly entered by pressing the DEL key after resetting (CTRL-ALT-DEL) or powering up the computer. You can bypass the extended CMOS settings by holding the key down during boot-up. This is really helpful, especially if you bend the CMOS settings right out of shape and the computer won’t boot properly anymore.
This is also a handy tip for people who play with the older AMI BIOSes with the CMOS setup. It allows changes directly to the chip registers with very little technical explanation. A Typical BIOS POST Sequence Most BIOS POST sequences occur along four stages: 1. Display some basic information about the video card like its brand, video BIOS version and video memory available.
The Essay on Functionality of BIOS
What is the function of BIOS chips? I have often wondered this. How did they come about? How do they work? Yes, BIOS chips have been a bit of a mystery. I will research this and see if I can understand them a bit more by doing so. "The ROM BIOS chip transfers information from the keyboard into computer language of zeros and ones." This was the first thing I came across while searching for a true ...
2. Display the BIOS version and copyright notice in upper middle screen. You will see a large sequence of numbers at the bottom of the screen. This sequence is the.
3. Display memory count. You will also hear tick sounds if you have enabled it (see Memory Test Tick Sound section).
4.
Once the POST have succeeded and the BIOS is ready to call the operating system (DOS, OS/2, NT, WIN 95, etc. ) you will see a basic table of the system’s configurations: . Main Processor: The type of CPU identified by the BIOS. Usually Cx 386 DX, Cx 486 DX, etc… Numeric Processor: Present if you have a FPU or None on the contrary. If you have a FPU and the BIOS does not recognize it, see section Numeric Processor Test in Advanced CMOS Setup…
Floppy Drive A: The drive A type. See section Floppy drive A in Standard CMOS Setup to alter this setting… Floppy Drive B: Idem… Display Type: See section Primary display in Standard CMOS Setup… AMI or Award BIOS Date: The revision date of your BIOS. Useful to mention when you have compatibility problems with adaptor cards (notably fancy ones)…
base memory Size: The number of KB of base memory. Usually 640… Ext. Memory Size: The number of KB of extended memory. In the majority of cases, the summation of base memory and extended memory does not equal the total system memory.
For instance in a 4096 KB (4 MB) system, you will have 640 KB of base memory and 3072 KB of extended memory, a total of 3712 KB. The missing 384 KB is reserved by the BIOS, mainly as shadow memory (see Advanced CMOS Setup)… Hard Disk C: Type: The master HDD number. See Hard disk C: type section in Standard CMOS Setup… Hard Disk D: Type: The slave HDD number. See Hard disk D: type section in Standard CMOS Setup…
Serial Port (s): The hex numbers of your COM ports. 3 F 8 and 2 F 8 for COM 1 and COM 2… Parallel Port (s): The hex number of your LTP ports. 378 for LPT 1… Other information: Right under the table, BIOS usually displays the size of cache memory. Common sizes are 64 KB, 128 KB or 256 KB.
See External Cache Memory section in Advanced CMOS Setup. AMI BIOS POST Errors During the POST routines, which are performed each time the system is powered on, errors may occur. Non-fatal errors are those which, in most cases, allow the system to continue the boot up process. The error messages normally appear on the screen. Fatal errors are those which will not allow the system to continue the boot-up procedure.
The Essay on Failures That May Occur in a Distributed Systems
A distribution systems is a collection of processors that have a common goal for their system. Some examples would be SOA-based systems, massively multiplayer online games and peer-to-peer applications. The distributed system is software systems in which components located on network computers. This systems communicate and coordinate through passing messages. This systems interact with each other ...
If a fatal error occurs, you should consult with your system manufacturer or dealer for possible repairs. These errors are usually communicated through a series of audible beeps. The numbers on the fatal error list correspond to the number of beeps for the corresponding error. All errors listed, with the exception of #8, are fatal errors. All errors found by the BIOS will be forwarded to the I/O port 80 h… 1 beep: DRAM refresh failure.
The memory refresh circuitry on the motherboard is faulty… 2 beeps: Parity Circuit failure. A parity error was detected in the base memory (first 64 k Block) of the system… 3 beeps: Base 64 K RAM failure. A memory failure occurred within the first 64 k of memory…
4 beeps: System Timer failure. Timer #1 on the system board has failed to function properly… 5 beeps: Processor failure. The CPU on the system board has generated an error…
6 beeps: Keyboard Controller 8042-Gate A 20 error. The keyboard controller (8042) contains the gate A 20 switch which allows the computer to operate in virtual mode. This error message means that the BIOS is not able to switch the CPU into protected mode… 7 beeps: Virtual Mode (processor) Exception error. The CPU on the motherboard has generated an Interrupt Failure exception interrupt…
8 beeps: Display Memory R/W Test failure. The system video adapter is either missing or Read/Write Error its memory is faulty. This is not a fatal error… 9 beeps: ROM-BIOS Checksum failure. The ROM checksum value does not match the value encoded in the BIOS. This is good indication that the BIOS ROMs went bad…
10 beeps: CMOS Shutdown Register. The shutdown register for the CMOS memory Read/Write Error has failed… 11 beeps: Cache Error / External Cache Bad. The external cache is faulty. Other AMI BIOS POST Codes. 2 short beeps: POST failed.
The Term Paper on Memory system
Assume that 32 bits of data are transferred in parallel. If a 133-MHz clock is used, how much time does it take to transfer: (a) 32 bytes of data (b) 64 bytes of data What is the latency in each case? 5. 5 Criticize the following statement: “Using a faster processor chip results in a corresponding increase in performance of a computer even if the main memory speed remains the same. ” 5. 6 A ...
This is caused by a failure of one of the hardware testing procedures… 1 long & 2 short beeps: Video failure. This is caused by one of two possible hardware faults. 1) Video BIOS ROM failure, checksum error encountered. 2) The video adapter installed has a horizontal retrace failure… 1 long & 3 short beeps: Video failure.
This is caused by one of three possible hardware problems. 1) The video DAC has failed. 2) the monitor detection process has failed. 3) The video RAM has failed… 1 long beep: POST successful.
This indicates that all hardware tests were completed without encountering errors. If you have access to a POST Card reader, (Jameco, etc. ) you can watch the system perform each test by the value that’s displayed. If / when the system hangs (if there’s a problem) the last value displayed will give you a good idea where and what went wrong, or what’s bad on the system board. Of course, having a description of those codes would be helpful, and different BIOSes have different meanings for the codes. (could someone point out FTP sites where we could have access to a complete list of error codes for different versions of AMI and AwardBIOSes? ).
BIOS Error Messages This is a short list of most frequent on-screen BIOS error messages. Your system may show them in a different manner. When you see any of these, you are in trouble – Doh! (Does someone has any additions or corrections? ).
‘8042 Gate – A 20 Error’: Gate A 20 on the keyboard controller (8042) is not working… ‘Address Line Short!’ : Error in the address decoding circuitry…
‘Cache Memory Bad, Do Not Enable Cache!’ : Cache memory is defective… ‘CH-2 Timer Error’: There is an error in timer 2. Several systems have two timers… ‘CMOS Battery State Low’: The battery power is getting low. It would be good idea to replace the battery…
‘CMOS Checksum Failure’: After CMOS RAM values are saved, a checksum value is generated for error checking. The previous value is different from the current value… ‘CMOS System Options Not Set’: The values stored in CMOS RAM are either corrupt or nonexistent… ‘CMOS Display Type Mismatch’: The video type in CMOS RAM is not the one detected by the BIOS…
The Research paper on Cognitive Failure
Cognitive failure is defined as absent-mindedness, that is, mistakes or errors people make because of slips of attention or memory failure (Reason and Mycielska, 1982). Their origin has been traced to memory problems, attention problems errors in the implementation of intentions or errors caused by distractions. It also involves clumsiness and problems in social interactions or problems in ...
‘CMOS Memory Size Mismatch’: The physical amount of memory on the motherboard is different than the amount in CMOS RAM… ‘CMOS Time and Date Not Set’: Self evident… ‘Diskette Boot Failure’: The boot disk in floppy drive A: is corrupted (virus? ).
Is an operating system present? . ‘Display Switch Not Proper’: A video switch on the motherboard must beset to either color or monochrome… ‘DMA Error’: Error in the DMA (Direct Memory Access) controller…
‘DMA #1 Error’: Error in the first DMA channel… ‘DMA #2 Error’: Error in the second DMA channel… ‘FDD Controller Failure’: The BIOS cannot communicate with the floppy disk drive controller… ‘HDD Controller Failure’: The BIOS cannot communicate with the hard disk drive controller…
‘INTR #1 Error’: Interrupt channel 1 failed POST… ‘INTR #2 Error’: Interrupt channel 2 failed POST… ‘Keyboard Error’: There is a timing problem with the keyboard… ‘KB/Interface Error’: There is an error in the keyboard connector…
‘Parity Error? ? ? ?’ : Parity error in system memory at an unknown address… ‘Memory Parity Error at xx xxx’: Memory failed at the xx xxx address… ‘I/O Card Parity Error at xx xxx’: An expansion card failed at the… ‘DMA Bus Time-out’: A device has used the bus signal for more than allocated time (around 8 microseconds).
If you encounter any POST error, there is a good chance that it is an HARDWARE related problem. You should at least verify if adaptor cards or other removable components (simms, drams etc… ) are properly inserted before calling for help. One common attribute in human nature is to rely on others before investigating the problem yourself.
