Swell or surging waves created by distant storms (low frequency (6-8/minute); long wavelength (up to 100m); low flatter waves (<1m); low energy and stronger swash than backwash Destructive Waves – Storm or plunging waves created by local winds / storms (high frequency (10-12/minute); short wavelength (<20m); high steep wave (>1m); high energy and backwash stronger than swash Fetch – the distance over which wind has blown (i. . distance a wave travels from when it starts formation to when it breaks) Standing wave clapotis – where this is deep water at a coastline with steep hard rock cliffs and so waves don’t break, energy is just reflected Swash – the movement of water up a beach Backwash – the movement of water back down a beach Wave Crest – Highest point of the wave
Wave Trough – Lowest point of the wave Wave Height – The distance between the crest and the trough of a wave Wave Length – The distance between two wave crests Wave Frequency – The number of waves per minute Wave Period – The time between two successive crests / troughs (secs) Wave Steepness – Ratio of Wave Height:Wave Length Wave Base – Depth below which there is no orbital movement
Wave Refraction – where waves become increasingly parallel to the coast – occurs as waves approach an irregular coastline Hydraulic Action – An erosion process – where air becomes trapped and compressed in a joint / crack in a rock by a breaking wave, gradually breaking rock apart. Abrasion – An erosion process where cliffs are worn away by rocks and boulders thrown against them by the waves Solution – An erosion process where acids in the sea water gradually dissolve minerals in rocks.
The Essay on High Low Organization Structure Costs
The Organization: What is an organization? Subjective perspective: a social system, which is trying to reach a common goal through coordination of actions and means. Objective perspective: the structure of the organization. The structure of an organization depends on 4 head points: 1. Division of labor 2. Coordination of labor 3. Authority system 4. Administration Flow chart (organizations ...
Wave Pounding – An erosion process where the shear force of the waves constantly hitting again cliffs gradually breaks them down (waves can have considerable energy – up to 30 tonnes per m2) Attrition – An erosion process where rocks and boulders become smaller as they hit against each other gradually breaking each other down. Sub-aerial processes – weathering process that can also attack coastlines, weakening and gradually breaking down rock (includes processes such as freeze thaw; biological weathering etc. Longshore Drift – the movement of material along a coastline Erosion Features (you must learn the formation of these features and named examples) Wave-cut platform – a gently sloping rocky platform as the base of a cliff, left behind as cliffs retreat (covered at high tide) Headland – a hard resistant rocky outcrop jutting out into the sea Bay – an indent in the coastline formed due to the erosion of less resistant rock Cave – a large natural hollow in a cliff face
Arch – a feature cut through a headland formed where two caves have eroded back to back Stack – An isolated pillar of rock left behind as a headland as eroded backwards. Stump – a short rocky pillar left when a stack collapses (likely to be submerged at high tide) Deposition Features Beach – an accumulation of sand and shingle formed by deposition at the shore zone where land meets the sea. Spit – long and narrow accumulation of sand / shingle, projecting into the sea with one end attached to the mainland.
Tombolo – A spit that has joined the mainland to an island Offshore Bar – A ridge of shingle and sand, not joined to the mainland at high tide (it may be at low tide, although not necessarily) On-shore Bar – This is where a spit has joined two headland formed across a bay in to which no major river flows Cuspate Foreland – a triangular shaped accretion of sand and shingle, believed to be formed due to the joining of two spits (originating from opposite directions).
The Essay on What type of change process would you call this?
In order to establish a prolific collaboration from its workforce and senior management, General Electric has initiated weekly “Work-Out” meetings. These consortium meetings between employees and managers are aimed at ascertaining problems within the firm, and generating solutions in order to address each situation in tow. GE perceives such weekly meetings as a way to augment manager-subordinate ...
Changes in Sea-Level and Related Features
Sea Level Change – rise or fall in sea-level relative to the land Isostatic Sea-level Change – local change in sea-level related to a change in height of land relative to the sea (e. g. isostatic re-adjustment – as ice melts, land gradually rises as the weight of ice has been removed – resulting in a relative fall in sea-level) Eustatic Sea-level Change – global change in sea-level related to changes in global volumes of water Submerged Coastline – results from a relative rise in sea-level Emerged Coastline – results from a relative fall in sea-level Estuary – tidal mouth of a river
A flooded river valley (a feature of submergence) Fjord – A flooded glacial valley (a feature of submergence) Raised Beach – A beach no longer affected by coastal processes as it is now higher than the present sea-level (a feature of emergence) Abandoned Cliff – A cliff line, which may exhibit features of coastal erosion such as caves and arches but which is no longer affected by the erosion processes which originally formed these features as it is now higher than the present sea-level ( a feature of emergence)
