First, you need to know what heat is. Heat is the rattling, wiggling motion of all the atoms that make up a substance. It’s a form of motion energy, but special because the solid as a whole isn’t going anywhere. How is that possible? Imagine a large crowd of people standing around, in line, perhaps, for concert tickets. They could be standing quietly or shoving and milling about, even though the crowd isn’t going anywhere. It’s like that with solid objects, which are really vast ‘crowds’ of individual atoms, that may be quiet (cold) or may be milling around excitedly (hot).
A hot (jumpy) solid contains more energy per unit volume than a cold (quiet) solid. If we put a hot solid next to a cold, then some of the energy in the hot solid will flow into the cold solid. This is called the flow of heat. OK, now we need to think about how heat flows from something hot (your hot chocolate inside your thermos) to something less hot (the atmosphere).
There are three ways: (1) CONDUCTION. If the hot solid is touching the cold solid, then jumpy (hot) atoms can bump against their quiet (cold) neighbor atoms, and if they do the hot guys get quieter and the cold guys heat up. Then the newly-hot-used-to-be-cold guys start heating up their neighbors, in turn, and so forth until the heat flows deep into the cold solid. (2) CONVECTION. If the hot solid is not touching the cold solid, there will usually be some third material between the two. If the third material is also a solid, we just have conduction from hot to third material, and from third material to cold solid, category (1), already dealt with, phooey.
The Term Paper on Solar Hot Water Systems And Materials Of Construction
... on the materials of construction and the efficiency of heat transfer of the materials. Solar hot water systems ... 961; ) of crystal structure of a metal solid can be calculated when the following are known: ... energy to be transferred along to other atoms. Thus the rate of conductivity increases with ... conducts the kinetic energy to the water. Cold water enters the parallel collector at the bottom ...
But if the third material is a liquid or gas, something new can happen. Suppose for the sake of argument the hot solid is on the bottom, the cold on top, and a liquid in between. This describes things like a saucepan on the stove or the inside of the Earth. A hot atom will jostle a neighbor cold atom in the liquid, heating it up. When a layer of liquid atoms near the hot solid are all jumping around, they take up more room, as you’d not be surprised to hear. That is, the liquid expands.
When it expands, it weighs less per fluid ounce, quart or gallon than the cold liquid above it. Now, you know how light fluids (like oil) float to the top of heavier fluids (like water)? And hot gas (in a hot-air balloon or from a smokestack) rises up through colder gas? Same thing happens here. The hot fluid rises up to the surface, where it meets the cold solid, and gets cooled off. Then it sinks down, and starts the cycle all over again. With convection you get very efficient cooling because the hot solid always has fresh cold material coming in. Almost all modern cooling systems — for your car, refrigerator, A/C, etc.
— use convection of a ”refrigerant.’ ‘You also get strong currents in the fluid. That’s why there are currents in the ocean (which is heated by the Sun and the sea floor), currents (winds) in the Earth’s atmosphere, which is heated by the Earth’s surface, and currents in the Earth’s mantle (it’s heated by the Earth’s core further inside) that lead to volcano’s (when a nup-traveling current of hot rock bursts up through the crust).
The Essay on Solids Liquids And Gases
Solids, liquids, and gases are the three main, or fundamental phases of matter. Each one has a different density and a different level of stability. What determines the stability of each phase is the bond between it's atoms. The tighter the bond between it's atoms the more stable that phase of matter is. Solids are the most stable form of matter, followed by liquids, and then gases. Solids have a ...
(3) RADIATION. A solid will also shake loose on occasion a little low frequency light, and when it does some energy escapes as the (invisible) infrared light, and the atoms cool down a bit. Radiative cooling is not very efficient, but when there is no material at all between the hot and cold solids, it’s all there is. The Sun heats the Earth by radiation across the empty space between.
Now, how can we STOP heat flow, so your hot chocolate stays hot in the thermos? We do it three ways. First, we put an empty space between the hot and cold solids. So we make a bottle and put it inside a slightly bigger bottle, seal the gap, and suck out all the air. This is the thermos bottle. With no material in between, conduction and convection do not work. The bottle’s made of glass because it’s easy to seal glass up so there are no leaks (you just melt it a little).
Finally, we try to slow down radiation by painting the inside of the outer bottle silver, so it reflects any radiation that falls on it from the inner bottle. Hence, a thermos bottle has a mirror (shiny) surface.
