A communications controller running (normally) the LAP-B protocol. Rather than use an external device, such as a PAD, most computers use an internal interface to directly connect to the packet-switching network. These interfaces and their corresponding software drivers provide much of the same function provided by a PAD. The advantage to putting these interfaces into a computer is that computer software can directly access the link (whereas in the PAD the link was external and, for the most part, invisible to the software).
For example, an office automation package can communicate with a counterpart package operating on the other side of the cloud. For terminal traffic over packet-switching networks, two additional standards come into play.
First, the CCITT X.28 standard defines the interface between an asynchronous terminal and a PAD. Second, the CCITT X.29 standard defines the control procedures for information exchanges between a PAD and another PAD (or an integrated controller).
Just as X.25 has become synonymous with packet-switching networks, X.29 has become synonymous with interfacing terminals over packet-switching networks. LAN switches are used to extend overcrowded networks by providing each end user with his own piece of 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps bandwidth. In many cases, this might be more than each end user needs, however it is vital for online gaming. In this event, the token ring switch can be used to break one big token ring into multiple, smaller rings. This approach will allow playing almost any game without any difficulties and delays.
The Essay on Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
Circuit switching, although more reliable than packet-switching because it is able to get your message across without any hiccups, is old and expensive. Circuit switching is based on having a dedicated line or session between two stations and thus, you are able to get the full message across without congestion or interruptions. An example of circuit switching hardware is PBX. In addition, with ...
All things considered, this system-to-system connectivity hardly concerned the end user–after all, this was the job of the communications analyst. Nevertheless, when the LAN wave finally reached the PC on the end user’s desk, that user suddenly encountered and became concerned about connectivity issues. At first, it was just local (LAN) connectivity and terminal emulation. Then, as networks grew and costs increased, products such as gateways, bridges and routers snaked their way into the LAN. Today, the end user has an unprecedented amount of power at his or her disposal. Consolidated, enterprise-wide data is no longer in the hands of a few technical elite; off-the-shelf desktop software now gives the end user the ability to access data anywhere in the enterprisewhether it is on the PC, server, minicomputer, or mainframe. This progression of connectivity changed the role of the LAN. Whereas the LAN began as a local computing environment (usually an island unto itself) it grew into an area of computing, normally linked to other computing areas.
The fact that one computing area might be a LAN, another a mainframe, and yet another a combined midrange computer and PC LAN has become almost irrelevant. From this high-level perspective, the world of distributed networks can be broken down into two large categories: local-area links and wide-area links. A local area network (LAN) typically is limited to one geographic area and allows individual workstations to access data or applications on a server. In smaller LANs, a peer-to-peer arrangement can be deployed to allow each station to function as both server and client. A wide area network (WAN), on the other hand, typically covers a large geographic area, and often links together multiple LANs. Within each category, however, are a wide variety of implementations and strategies. LANs often play a key role in modern online gaming networks..
The Term Paper on Area Net Network Protocol Tcp
Contents 1. Planning a Logical Network Design 2. Planning and Design Components 3. The Physical Network 4. Planning Resources Article Description Scott Mueller and Terry Ogle tree talk about your network's logical and physical design, including planning and components of a logical network design, the physical network, and planning resources. From the Book Upgrading and Repairing Networks, 4 th ...
